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Questions and Answers
Which of the following describes a synthetic seed?
Which of the following describes a synthetic seed?
- A seed coated with synthetic fertilizers to enhance germination.
- A seed that has been genetically modified to resist pests.
- An encapsulated plant tissue with the potential to grow into a plant. (correct)
- A seed created by cross-pollinating two different plant species.
Desiccated synthetic seeds involve the encapsulation of a single somatic embryo in hydrogel capsules.
Desiccated synthetic seeds involve the encapsulation of a single somatic embryo in hydrogel capsules.
False (B)
What is the encapsulating material primarily used in desiccated synthetic seeds?
What is the encapsulating material primarily used in desiccated synthetic seeds?
polyoxyethylene (Polyox)
__________ tissues are best for clonal propagation and genetic transformation studies when preparing synthetic seeds.
__________ tissues are best for clonal propagation and genetic transformation studies when preparing synthetic seeds.
Match the type of synthetic seed with its encapsulation method:
Match the type of synthetic seed with its encapsulation method:
Which of the following is an advantage of synthetic seeds over traditional seeds?
Which of the following is an advantage of synthetic seeds over traditional seeds?
Synthetic seeds have unrestricted ability to emerge from the coating material once sown.
Synthetic seeds have unrestricted ability to emerge from the coating material once sown.
For transplantation, why should the shape of synthetic seeds be carefully considered?
For transplantation, why should the shape of synthetic seeds be carefully considered?
The coating material used in synthetic seeds ideally should supplement __________ for the germination and growth of the encapsulated tissues.
The coating material used in synthetic seeds ideally should supplement __________ for the germination and growth of the encapsulated tissues.
Match the plant tissue with its application in synthetic seed production:
Match the plant tissue with its application in synthetic seed production:
What term describes the phenomenon of high variability in individuals derived from plant cell cultures?
What term describes the phenomenon of high variability in individuals derived from plant cell cultures?
Genetic variations observed due to somaclonal variation are generally not inheritable.
Genetic variations observed due to somaclonal variation are generally not inheritable.
Name one beneficial characteristic that somaclonal variations may introduce in plants.
Name one beneficial characteristic that somaclonal variations may introduce in plants.
__________ variation in somaclonal variation is stable through the sexual cycle or repeated asexual propagation.
__________ variation in somaclonal variation is stable through the sexual cycle or repeated asexual propagation.
Match the type of somaclonal variation with its stability.
Match the type of somaclonal variation with its stability.
Which of the following factors contributes to somaclonal variations in tissue culture crops?
Which of the following factors contributes to somaclonal variations in tissue culture crops?
Using meristematic tissues as explants increases somaclonal variations.
Using meristematic tissues as explants increases somaclonal variations.
What component in tissue culture media is considered a major cause of somaclonal variation?
What component in tissue culture media is considered a major cause of somaclonal variation?
Genetic stability in regeneration systems decreases in which order: micropropagation > adventitiously derived shoots > __________ > organogenesis from callus, cell, and protoplast cultures.
Genetic stability in regeneration systems decreases in which order: micropropagation > adventitiously derived shoots > __________ > organogenesis from callus, cell, and protoplast cultures.
Match the term with its impact on somaclonal variation.
Match the term with its impact on somaclonal variation.
Which characteristic CANNOT be used to identify somaclonal variation at the morphological level?
Which characteristic CANNOT be used to identify somaclonal variation at the morphological level?
Analyzing a plant's response to certain stimuli is a method of identifying somaclonal variation at the molecular level.
Analyzing a plant's response to certain stimuli is a method of identifying somaclonal variation at the molecular level.
What cellular component is analyzed to identify somaclonal variation at the cytological level?
What cellular component is analyzed to identify somaclonal variation at the cytological level?
Changes in the chromosome structure are identified at the __________ level.
Changes in the chromosome structure are identified at the __________ level.
Match the method of identifying somaclonal variation with its level of analysis:
Match the method of identifying somaclonal variation with its level of analysis:
Which of the following is an advantage of somaclonal variations in plant breeding?
Which of the following is an advantage of somaclonal variations in plant breeding?
Somaclonal variation is frequently used for complex agronomic traits, such as yield and overall plant quality.
Somaclonal variation is frequently used for complex agronomic traits, such as yield and overall plant quality.
What is one disadvantage associated with somaclonal variations regarding the stability of the variants produced?
What is one disadvantage associated with somaclonal variations regarding the stability of the variants produced?
A drawback of somaclonal variation is that it can result in a __________ effect, where a single mutation affects multiple traits.
A drawback of somaclonal variation is that it can result in a __________ effect, where a single mutation affects multiple traits.
Match the advantage and disadvantage of somaclonal variations.
Match the advantage and disadvantage of somaclonal variations.
Flashcards
What is a Synthetic Seed?
What is a Synthetic Seed?
Plant tissues encapsulated to grow like a plant in in-vivo or in-vitro conditions.
Desiccated Synthetic Seeds
Desiccated Synthetic Seeds
Multiple somatic embryos are encapsulated and then desiccated.
Hydrated Synthetic Seeds
Hydrated Synthetic Seeds
A single somatic embryo is encapsulated in a hydrogel capsule.
Somatic Embryos
Somatic Embryos
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Embryogenic Tissues
Embryogenic Tissues
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Somaclonal Variation
Somaclonal Variation
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Heritable Variation
Heritable Variation
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Epigenetic Variation
Epigenetic Variation
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Explant Source
Explant Source
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Media Components
Media Components
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Effect of Genotype
Effect of Genotype
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Regeneration Systems
Regeneration Systems
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Culture Cycles
Culture Cycles
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Morphological Level
Morphological Level
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Physiological Level
Physiological Level
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Molecular Level
Molecular Level
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Cytological Level
Cytological Level
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Study Notes
Synthetic Seeds
- Encapsulated plant tissues with the potential to grow like a plant in in-vivo or in-vitro conditions are called synthetic seeds.
- These tissues include somatic embryos, shoot buds, axillary buds, shoot tips, and cell aggregates.
Two Types of Synthetic Seeds
- Desiccated Synthetic Seeds: Multiple somatic embryos are encapsulated and then desiccated, using polyoxyethylene (Polyox) as the encapsulating material.
- Hydrated Synthetic Seeds: A single somatic embryo is encapsulated in hydrogel capsules.
Tissues Used to Prepare Synthetic Seeds
- Somatic Embryos: Produced from somatic or vegetative cells. Aids in producing genetically identical plants.
- Embryogenic Tissues: Best for clonal propagation and genetic transformation studies.
Advantages of Synthetic Seeds
- Easy to handle
- Offers short and long-term storage capacity
- Ensures genetic uniformity
- Provides low-cost, quality plant materials
- Facilitates transportation and exchange of germplasm
- Allows economical mass propagation
- Cost-effective
- Facilitates rapid multiplication of plants
Disadvantages of Synthetic Seeds
- The value of synseeds is limited
- The coating material needs to supplement nutrients for germination and growth
- Lacks the ability to emerge from the coating material
- Inefficient maturation of somatic embryos can lead to poor germination, growth, and development
- For transplantation, the shape should match farm machinery
Synthesis Paper
- When writing a synthesis paper it is important to choose a topic, conduct research, and outline main points
- Start with an introduction, include body paragraphs
- Wrap up with a conclusion, and proofread
- Ensure you avoid plagiarism
- You will need between 3 published articles to synthesize
- A format should include an intro, a body with subtopics, and a conclusion
Somaclonal Variation
- Lerkin and Scoweraft coined the term "somaclonal variation" in 1981
- This term refers to plant variants from cell or tissue cultures.
- High variability in plants from cell cultures or adventitious shoots is known as somaclonal variation.
- Seen in plants produced by plant tissue culture.
- Can be genetic or phenotypic traits from in-vitro conditions.
- Variations can be inherited
- Can lead to desirable traits like disease/pest resistance, improved fruit and nutritional quality, stress resistance, and increased yield.
Two Types of Somaclonal Variation
- Heritable variation is stable through sexual cycles or repeated asexual propagation.
- Epigenetic variation is unstable, even when asexually propagated.
Occurrence of Somaclonal Variations
- Explant Source: Genetic stability differs with undifferentiated or meristematic tissues reducing variations.
- Media Components: Plant hormones are a major cause; unbalanced ratios can introduce polyploidy.
- Effect of Genotype: The genotype plays a major role and is affected by the surrounding conditions.
- Regeneration Systems: Genetic stability descends from micropropagation to adventitious shoots, somatic embryogenesis, and organogenesis from callus, cell, and protoplast cultures.
- Duration and Number of Culture Cycles: The number of subcultures and their duration are directly proportional to variations.
Advantages of Somaclonal Variations
- Crop improvement
- Introduces new varieties
- Introduces resistance to diseases, pathotoxins, herbicides, and biotic/abiotic stresses
- Increases the production of secondary metabolites
Disadvantages of Somaclonal Variations
- Variants can be genetically unstable
- Requires multiple field trials
- Can produce undesirable results
- Developed variants can have a pleiotropic effect
- Not useful for complex agronomic traits
Identifying Somaclonal Variation
- Morphological Level: Identified by differences in plant height, pigmentation, leaf shape, and size.
- Physiological Level: Analyzed by physiological responses to stimuli.
- Molecular Level: Relates to changes in chromosome structure and number.
- Cytological Level: Flow cytometry techniques are used to count and examine chromosomes.
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