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What is the primary use of polyethylene terephthalate (Terylene)?
What is the primary use of polyethylene terephthalate (Terylene)?
Making synthetic fibers
What is the chemical structure characteristic of polyester fibers like Terylene?
What is the chemical structure characteristic of polyester fibers like Terylene?
Ester linkages in the main chain
How is terephthalic acid produced for the manufacture of Terylene?
How is terephthalic acid produced for the manufacture of Terylene?
By the catalytic atmospheric oxidation of p-xylene
What is the general property of polyester fibers like Terylene in terms of water?
What is the general property of polyester fibers like Terylene in terms of water?
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What is the type of polymerization process used to synthesize Nylon 6?
What is the type of polymerization process used to synthesize Nylon 6?
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What is the repeating unit of Nylon 6?
What is the repeating unit of Nylon 6?
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What is the significance of the numbers in Nylon 6,6 or Nylon 6,10?
What is the significance of the numbers in Nylon 6,6 or Nylon 6,10?
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Why is polyethylene terephthalate (Terylene) used in electrical insulation?
Why is polyethylene terephthalate (Terylene) used in electrical insulation?
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What are the four classifications of naturally occurring biodegradable polymers?
What are the four classifications of naturally occurring biodegradable polymers?
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What is the source of lactic acid in the production of Polylactic acid?
What is the source of lactic acid in the production of Polylactic acid?
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What is the crystallinity of Polylactic acid?
What is the crystallinity of Polylactic acid?
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What are the solvents in which Polylactic acid is soluble?
What are the solvents in which Polylactic acid is soluble?
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What is the application of Polyvinyl acetate as an emulsion in water?
What is the application of Polyvinyl acetate as an emulsion in water?
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What is Polyvinyl acetate commonly known as in woodwork?
What is Polyvinyl acetate commonly known as in woodwork?
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What is the chemical formula of Polyvinyl acetate?
What is the chemical formula of Polyvinyl acetate?
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What is a characteristic of Polyvinyl acetate when taken orally?
What is a characteristic of Polyvinyl acetate when taken orally?
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What is the application of conducting polymers?
What is the application of conducting polymers?
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What is the characteristic of intrinsic conducting polymers?
What is the characteristic of intrinsic conducting polymers?
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What is the process by which electrical conductivity occurs in intrinsic conducting polymers?
What is the process by which electrical conductivity occurs in intrinsic conducting polymers?
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What is doping in conducting polymers?
What is doping in conducting polymers?
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What is the difference between p-doping and n-doping?
What is the difference between p-doping and n-doping?
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What is the process of p-doping?
What is the process of p-doping?
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What is the classification of polymers based on tacticity?
What is the classification of polymers based on tacticity?
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What is the characteristic of isotactic polymers?
What is the characteristic of isotactic polymers?
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What is the temperature at which caprolactam is heated to undergo polymerization?
What is the temperature at which caprolactam is heated to undergo polymerization?
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What is the percentage of water that nylon 6 fibres can absorb?
What is the percentage of water that nylon 6 fibres can absorb?
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What are the two reactants involved in the preparation of nylon 6,6 through condensation polymerization?
What are the two reactants involved in the preparation of nylon 6,6 through condensation polymerization?
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What is the major application of nylon 6,6?
What is the major application of nylon 6,6?
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What is the main reason for the development of biodegradable polymers?
What is the main reason for the development of biodegradable polymers?
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What occurs during the degradation of biodegradable polymers?
What occurs during the degradation of biodegradable polymers?
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What types of microorganisms are involved in the degradation of biodegradable polymers?
What types of microorganisms are involved in the degradation of biodegradable polymers?
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Why are synthetic polymers and plastics not prone to biodegradation?
Why are synthetic polymers and plastics not prone to biodegradation?
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What is the molecular formula of natural rubber?
What is the molecular formula of natural rubber?
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What is the main composition of natural rubber?
What is the main composition of natural rubber?
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What are the two geometrical isomeric forms of isoprene in natural rubber?
What are the two geometrical isomeric forms of isoprene in natural rubber?
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What is the major application of natural rubber?
What is the major application of natural rubber?
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What is the property of neoprene that makes it ideal for use in industrial settings?
What is the property of neoprene that makes it ideal for use in industrial settings?
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What is the advantage of neoprene over natural rubber?
What is the advantage of neoprene over natural rubber?
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What is the use of foam rubber?
What is the use of foam rubber?
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What is gutta percha used for?
What is gutta percha used for?
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Study Notes
Synthetic Fibers
- Synthetic fibers can be produced in large quantities and are cheaper than some natural fibers like pure silk.
- Examples of synthetic fibers include polyamide nylons, polyesters, PVC, phenolformaldehyde resin, and polyethylene.
Polyester (Terylene or Polyethylene Terephthalate)
- Polyester is a category of polymers with ester linkages in their main chain.
- It takes 18% of the market share of synthetic polymers.
- Preparation: Terylene is made from ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid.
- Properties:
- Occurs as a colorless, rigid substance.
- Highly resistant to mineral and organic acids, but less resistant to alkalis.
- Hydrophobic in nature.
- High melting point due to the presence of aromatic rings.
- Uses:
- Mostly used for making synthetic fibers.
- Can be blended with wool, cotton for better use and wrinkle resistance.
- Other applications include electrical insulation.
Nylon (Polyamide Resin)
- Nylon is a polyamide resin containing recurring amide groups in its structure.
- Produced by copolymerization of di-amine with di-acid.
- Different types of nylons include nylon 6,6, nylon 6,10, etc.
- Nylon 6:
- Synthesized by ring-opening polymerization of caprolactam.
- Properties:
- Tough and possessing high tensile strength and elasticity.
- Wrinkleproof and highly resistant to abrasion and chemicals like acids and alkalis.
- Can absorb up to 2.4% of water.
- Uses: Making tire cords, textiles, and in the automobile industry.
- Nylon 6,6:
- Prepared by condensation polymerization of adipic acid and hexamethylene diamine.
- Properties:
- Translucent, whitish, and high melting point.
- Possesses high temperature stability and good abrasion resistance.
- Has good strength and is insoluble in common organic solvents.
- Applications:
- Textile industry.
- Mechanical engineering applications like gears, bearings, and machine parts.
- Flexible tubing for conveying petrol, etc.
- Used as electrical insulators and in the automobile industry.
Biodegradable Polymers
- Generally, polymers are not affected by the environment.
- Natural polymers are biodegradable, but synthetic polymers and plastics are not prone to biodegradation and cause pollution.
- Biodegradable polymers are defined as degradable polymers in which degradation is caused by the action of naturally occurring microorganisms.
- Examples of biodegradable polymers:
- Poly-lactic acid (PLA)
- Polyvinyl acetate (PVA)
Poly-lactic Acid (PLA)
- An aliphatic thermoplastic polyester.
- Derived from renewable resources like corn starch, tapioca roots, or sugarcane.
- Properties:
- Crystallinity of around 37%.
- Melting temperature between 173-178°C.
- Soluble in chlorinated solvents, benzene, and tetrahydrofuran.
- Applications:
- Biomedical applications like drug delivery devices and dialysis media.
- Production of compost bags, food packaging, and disposable tableware.
- Can be used in the form of fibers and non-woven textiles.
Polyvinyl Acetate (PVA)
- Obtained by the addition polymerization of vinyl acetate.
- Properties:
- A rubbery synthetic polymer with the formula (C4H6O2)n.
- Water soluble, colorless, and transparent.
- Has excellent mechanical properties and good heat resistance.
- Harmless if taken orally.
- Applications:
- Adhesives for porous materials, particularly wood, paper, and cloth.
- Wood glue, known as "white glue" or PVA glue.
- Paper adhesive during paper packaging.
- Used in making chewing gums, paint emulsions, etc.
Conducting Polymers
- Classified into two types: intrinsic conducting polymers and doped conducting polymers.
- Intrinsic conducting polymers:
- Characterized by intensive conjugation of π-bonds in their structure.
- Examples: polyacetylene, polythiophene, and polyaniline.
- Doped conducting polymers:
- Conducting polymers having e-s in their backbone can be easily oxidized or reduced.
- Doping can be done by oxidation or reduction, resulting in p-doping or n-doping.
Classification of Polymers based on Tacticity
- Stereochemical arrangement of atoms.
- Isotactic polymers: All substituents are located on the same side of the macromolecular backbone.
Natural Rubber
- A high molecular weight hydrocarbon polymer represented by the formula (C5H8)x.
- Obtained from the milk emulsion called latex by tapping the bark of the tree "Hevea brasiliensis."
- The main composition of natural rubber is polyisoprene.
- Isoprene in natural rubber exists in two geometrical isomeric forms, cis and trans.
Vulcanization of Natural Rubber
- Advantages:
- Good tensile strength and load-bearing capacity.
- Excellent resilience.
- Better resistance to moisture, oxidation, and abrasion.
- Resistance to organic solvents like CCl4, benzene, and petrol.
- Good elasticity.
- Good electrical insulator.
- Applications:
- Manufacture of tires.
- Heavy-duty tires.
- Tank linings in chemical plants.
- Reducing machine vibrations.
- Foam rubber for making cushions, mattresses, padding, etc.
Neoprene
- A class of synthetic rubbers made from chloroprene polymerization.
- Properties:
- High tensile strength.
- Resistant to chemicals, water, heat, fires, oxygen, and ozone.
- More resistant to water, chemicals, and heat than natural rubber.
- Resistant to weather and sunlight, making it last longer.
- Applications:
- Industrial settings and other places with a lot of movement.
- Neoprene extrusions and neoprene sheets.
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Description
Learn about synthetic fibers, their production, and uses in textiles. Topics include polyamide nylons, polyesters, PVC, and more.
