Syntactic Parsing Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What does the term 'syntactic parsing' refer to?

  • The memorization of vocabulary
  • The meaning of words in context
  • The grammatical analysis of sentences (correct)
  • The pronunciation of words

Syntactic parsing is only applicable to sentences that are read, not those that are heard.

False (B)

What is the main goal of syntactic parsing?

To reconstruct the syntactic structure of a sentence.

The process of reconstructing the syntactic structure of a sentence is known as __________.

<p>syntactic parsing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Syntactic Parsing = The reconstruction of a sentence's structure Sentence = A set of words that conveys a complete thought Grammar = The rules that govern sentence structure Syntax = The arrangement of words in a sentence</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are mistakes in syntactic parsing commonly referred to as?

<p>Garden path effects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the subject of the clause 'the sock fell off her lap'?

<p>the sock (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The verb 'fell' indicates that the parse was correct.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The syntax of the sentence has led the comprehender down the __________ path.

<p>garden</p> Signup and view all the answers

What needs to happen when the parse is found to be incorrect?

<p>Reanalyze the string</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happened while Mary was translating?

<p>The sock fell off her lap. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Garden path effects indicate that the comprehender can always move forward without returning.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When analyzing the string, the ______ became the subject of the clause.

<p>sock</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their associated actions or roles:

<p>fell = describes an action parse = analyze a structure subject = main part of a clause reanalyze = examine again</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do garden path effects in parsing require a comprehender to do?

<p>Return back</p> Signup and view all the answers

All garden path sentences are easily understood by all readers.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one characteristic of difficult garden path sentences?

<p>They remain unparsable for some readers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

While Mary was translating, the ______ fell off her lap.

<p>sock</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a factor that influences how we interpret globally ambiguous sentences?

<p>The choice of lexical items (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Changing the subject of a sentence from 'man' to 'dog' does not affect our interpretation of the sentence.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might be interpreted when the subject of a sentence changes from 'man' to 'dog'?

<p>that the police used the binoculars to see the dog</p> Signup and view all the answers

The choice of ______ directly influences how we interpret globally ambiguous sentences.

<p>lexical items</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms with their descriptions:

<p>Lexical items = Words used in a sentence that influence meaning Globally ambiguous sentences = Sentences that can be interpreted in multiple ways Interpretation = Understanding the meaning behind words Police binoculars = Tools used for distant viewing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the phrase 'flying planes' suggest in the context of danger?

<p>The act of flying planes poses a danger. (A), Only planes that are currently in the air are dangerous. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The phrase 'flying planes' means that every plane is considered dangerous.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two interpretations of the phrase 'flying planes' regarding danger?

<ol> <li>Planes that are flying are dangerous. 2. The action of flying planes can be dangerous.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

'Flying' can be interpreted as an adjective modifying 'planes' or as a verb indicating the _____ of planes.

<p>action</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the interpretations of 'flying planes' with their meanings:

<p>Interpretation 1 = Planes that are currently in flight are dangerous Interpretation 2 = The act of flying planes can pose risks</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Syntactic Parsing

The process of understanding the grammatical structure of a sentence.

Grammatical Roles

The words in a sentence are analyzed to identify their grammatical roles, like subject, verb, and object.

Word Order

The order of words in a sentence is important for understanding its meaning.

Grammar Rules

The rules that govern how words are arranged in a sentence.

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Understanding Meaning

Syntactic parsing is a process that allows us to understand the meaning of sentences.

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Garden Path Effect

A type of error in sentence comprehension where the initial interpretation of the sentence's syntax leads to a dead end, requiring reanalysis.

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Garden Path

The initial interpretation of the sentence's syntax that leads to a dead end.

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Comprehender

The individual who is comprehending the sentence.

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Return Back

The need to go back and reanalyze the sentence after encountering a dead end.

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String (in text analysis)

A sequence of characters, like a sentence or a word.

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Parsing

The process of identifying the grammatical structure of a sentence by assigning parts of speech and roles to each word.

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Subject of a clause

The main noun or pronoun that performs the action of a verb.

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Reanalyzing a sentence

When the grammatical analysis of a sentence must be revised due to conflicting information.

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Verb

The action or state being performed by the subject.

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Garden Path Sentence

A sentence that is grammatically correct but difficult to understand because the words follow an unusual order, leading to a misleading or ambiguous interpretation.

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Garden Path Sentence

A type of sentence with an unusual word order, where the initial structure suggests a wrong interpretation, causing a temporary pause in understanding.

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Garden Path Analysis

Some garden path sentences are difficult to understand because the words follow an unusual order, leading to a misleading or ambiguous interpretation.

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Factors Affecting Garden Path Sentences

People may have difficulty parsing and understanding garden path sentences due to different factors such as: individual reading skills, sentence complexity, and the presence of ambiguous words or structures.

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Flying planes is dangerous (interpretation 2)

The act of flying airplanes itself is a dangerous activity.

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Flying planes are dangerous (interpretation 1)

Airplanes that are currently in the air are inherently dangerous.

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Word Modification

Words in a sentence can modify other words, changing their meaning.

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Word Order Matters

The arrangement of words in a sentence influences its interpretation.

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Lexical Items

The choice of words used in a sentence can influence its interpretation.

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Word Substitution Effect

Changing a word in a sentence can change the entire interpretation, even if the sentence structure remains the same.

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Contextual Interpretation

Our brains use context and prior knowledge to interpret ambiguous sentences, often favoring the most likely or familiar interpretation.

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Prior Knowledge and Bias

The way we understand a sentence can be influenced by our past experiences, assumptions, and cultural background.

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Minimal Attachment

Our natural tendency to interpret sentences in the simplest and most direct way possible.

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Study Notes

Psycholinguistics: Sentence Processing

  • Sentence processing is the process of constructing a syntactic structure for heard or read sentences.
  • This process starts as soon as possible.
  • An example is the sentence "The poor woman needs help". Hearing "the" leads to expecting a noun/adjective. Upon hearing "poor," expectations are updated to anticipate the next word (e.g., "woman," "car")
  • The process of constructing the syntactic structure continues until the entire sentence is processed.
  • Syntactic parsing reconstructs the syntactic structure of a sentence.
  • If all linguistic forms are unambiguous, sentence processing is easy: new words update the sentence structure.
  • Lexical and structural ambiguities make sentence processing complex.
  • Ambiguities in sentence structure complicate sentence processing.
  • This presentation explores different types of structural ambiguities and their impact on sentence processing.

Types of Structural Ambiguity

  • Temporary Ambiguity: A sentence is ambiguous only temporarily until a disambiguating word is heard.

  • Example: Hearing "the rich..." – "rich" can be adjective (e.g., "the rich man") or noun (e.g., "the rich have to help the poor")

  • The ambiguity is resolved as more words appear, determining the correct interpretation.

  • The Garden Path Effect: Sentences are initially interpreted with one syntactic structure, but later require reinterpretation as different structures arise.

  • Errors in syntactic parsing are considered "garden path effects."

  • This effect occurs due to the sentence syntax misleading the comprehender, leading to reinterpretation.

  • Example: "While Mary was mending the sock fell off her lap." Initially interpreted as the sock is the object of the verb mending. Corrected by the verb fell.

  • Example: The horse raced past the barn fell

  • Global Ambiguity: Ambiguity that is not resolved within the sentence.

    • Additional context (intonation, preceding/following sentences) is needed to resolve the ambiguity.
  • Example: "The police saw the man with the binoculars." Is the man wearing binoculars, or did the police use the binoculars?

Additional Details

  • Reduced relative clauses can contribute to difficulties in parsing.
  • Intonation can disambiguate some spoken ambiguous sentences.
  • Context and intonation affect how ambiguities are interpreted in daily life.
  • Not all ambiguous sentences can be disambiguated by intonation alone.
  • Examples of structural ambiguity in Arabic and other languages are provided.

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