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Questions and Answers

Describe the structure of a synovial joint also include a diagram (9 key features)

-synovial cavity between articulating surfaces of bones -articular capsule surrounds and encloses joint ----->2 layers: fibrous capsule: holds bones together, has fibrous connective tissue attached to periosteum of articulating bones synovial membrane: inner layer of capsule, has loose connective tissue attached, lines entire joint cavity except articular cartilages and articular disc (if present) -synovial fluid: secreted by synovial membrane, forms thin film over surfaces within capsule to prevent friction. Also has phagocytic cells that remove micro-organisms and any debris from wear and tear at joint -articular cartilage: covers articulating surfaces of bones forming joint: provide smooth surface for movement -articular discs: (in some) divide synovial cavity into two (knee ones are meniscus) so synovial cavity can be directed to areas of greatest friction. -bursa (sacs of synovial fluid) prevent friction between bone and a ligament/tendon; bone and skin -ligaments hold bones together to stabilise joint

compare and contrast structure compact and spongy bone

compare: -both are type of connective tissue -both have blood supply -osteocytes located in lacuna

contrast: -spongy bone is less dense whereas compact bone is more dense -yellow bone marrow is found in compact bone whereas red bone marrow is found in spongy bone -spongy bone forms epiphyses of long bones whereas compact bone forms diaphysis of long bones -compact bone is made of osteons whereas spongy bone is made of trabeculae -spongy bone is in inner layer of most bones whereas compact bone is in outer layer of most bones

compare and contrast osteoarthritis and osteoporosis

compare: -degenerative bone condition -can be a consequence of aging

contrast: -osteoarthritis is the degeneration of the joint whereas osteoporosis is the loss of bone mass -osteoarthritis can be treated with surgery to realign bones whereas osteoporosis can be treated (or prevented) through improved calcium intake and more vitamin D -osteoarthritis: articular cartilage degrades whereas osteoporosis: bones are fragile and easily fractured

what are two examples where fibrocartilage can be found

meniscus, intervertebral discs of spinal column Signup and view all the answers

describe structure of hyaline cartilage and example where it can be found

contains many closely packed very fine collagenous fibres throughout the matrix, give cartilage strength and flexibility. e.g. bronchi and trachea rings and articular cartilage Signup and view all the answers

describe structure of elastic cartilage and example where it can be found

has obvious elastic fibres, contains collagenous fibres similar to hyaline cartilage but more loosely packed, provide flexible elastic support in places e.g. external ear Signup and view all the answers

describe structure of fibrocartilage and example where it can be found

coarse appearance from // bundles of thick collagenous fibres, fibres are not as packed as hyaline cartilage so can be compressed slightly. ideal for regions where weight of body is being supported or need to withstand heavy pressure. e.g. intervertebral discs of spine, meniscus Signup and view all the answers

describe the process of exocytosis

Vesicle Formation: Materials that need to be expelled are packaged into a vesicle, a small, membrane-bound sac within the cell. This vesicle typically forms from the Golgi apparatus. Vesicle Transport: The vesicle moves toward the cell membrane, often guided by the cell's cytoskeleton. Fusion with the Cell Membrane: When the vesicle reaches the cell membrane, the vesicle membrane fuses with it. This fusion requires energy (from ATP) and is facilitated by specialized proteins. Release of Contents: Once fused, the vesicle opens up, releasing its contents into the extracellular space. The vesicle membrane becomes part of the cell membrane. Signup and view all the answers

describe process of endocytosis

Recognition and Binding: The cell recognizes molecules outside that it needs to take in. In some cases, the molecules bind to receptors on the cell membrane, triggering endocytosis. Membrane Invagination: The cell membrane begins to fold inward, forming a pocket around the material. Vesicle Formation: As the membrane continues to fold, it eventually pinches off, creating a vesicle containing the ingested material inside the cell. Processing: The vesicle often fuses with a lysosome or another cellular structure where the contents can be processed, broken down, or transported to other parts of the cell. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Synovial Joint Structure

Synovial joints are characterized by a fluid-filled cavity between the articulating bones.
The articular surfaces of the bones are covered with hyaline cartilage, which reduces friction and absorbs shock.
A fibrous joint capsule surrounds the joint, encasing the articular surfaces.
The synovial membrane lines the inner surface of the joint capsule and secretes synovial fluid.
Synovial fluid lubricates the joint, nourishes the cartilage, and absorbs shock.
Ligaments reinforce the joint capsule and help to restrict excessive movement.
Some synovial joints may contain bursae - small, fluid-filled sacs located between tendons and bones to reduce friction.
Some may also include articular discs or menisci - fibrocartilaginous pads that improve the fit between bones and stabilise the joint.
Diagram:
- [Insert Image of synovial joint structure]

Compact vs. Spongy Bone

Compact bone is dense and solid, forming the outer layer of most bones.
- It provides strength and support.
- Contains osteons, structural units composed of concentric rings of bone matrix called lamellae.
- Bone marrow is located in the central canal of each osteon.
Spongy bone is porous and lightweight, found in the interior of most bones.
- Provides structural support and houses red bone marrow, responsible for blood cell production.
- Made of trabeculae, thin plates of bone that are arranged in a lattice-like structure.
- Contains red bone marrow, responsible for blood cell production.

Osteoarthritis vs. Osteoporosis

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of cartilage in the joints.
- Leads to pain, stiffness, and limited mobility.
- Commonly affects weight-bearing joints, such as the knees and hips.
- Caused by wear and tear, aging, or injury.
Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by low bone density and weakened bones.
- Increases the risk of fractures.
- Caused by a decline in bone mass, often due to aging, hormone imbalances, nutritional deficiencies, or certain medications.

Fibrocartilage

Fibrocartilage is a tough, shock-absorbing cartilage that contains a dense network of collagen fibers.
- It is found in areas where both strength and flexibility are needed.
Examples:
- Intervertebral discs: fibrocartilage acts as a cushion between the vertebrae
- Menisci of the knee: provides shock absorption and stability

Hyaline Cartilage

Hyaline cartilage is the most common type of cartilage. It is smooth, glassy, and translucent.
- Found in areas of low friction and high movement.
- Contains chondrocytes, cells that synthesize cartilage matrix.
Example:
- Articular cartilage: covers the ends of bones in synovial joints

Elastic Cartilage

Elastic cartilage is flexible and resilient, able to withstand repeated bending.
- Contains a high proportion of elastic fibers.
Example:
- Epiglottis: covers the entrance to the larynx.

Fibrocartilage

Fibrocartilage is a tough, shock-absorbing cartilage that contains a dense network of collagen fibers.
- It is found in areas where both strength and flexibility are needed.
Examples:
- Intervertebral discs: fibrocartilage acts as a cushion between the vertebrae
- Menisci of the knee: provides shock absorption and stability