Questions and Answers
What is the alternative name for synovial fluid analysis?
Joint fluid aspiration
What is the function of synovial fluid?
Lubricate the joint space, supplies nutrients to particular cartilage, and acts as a shock absorber
What type of joint disorder is osteoarthritis?
What is the normal color of synovial fluid?
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A deeper yellow or green tinge of synovial fluid may indicate a _______________________.
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What is xanthochromia?
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What is the normal transparency of synovial fluid?
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What is the purpose of the Gram Stain test?
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What is the purpose of the WBC count and differential test?
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What is the significance of neutrophils in synovial fluid?
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What is the significance of eosinophils in synovial fluid?
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What is the purpose of the crystal analysis test?
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What is the normal glucose level in synovial fluid?
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What is the significance of RF (rheumatoid factor) in synovial fluid?
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What is the significance of ANA (antinuclear antibody) in synovial fluid?
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Study Notes
Synovial Fluid
- Synovial fluid is a viscous, colorless liquid found in joint cavities.
- It lubricates joint spaces, supplies nutrients to articular cartilage, and acts as a shock absorber.
Functions of Synovial Fluid
- Lubrication: reduces friction between joint surfaces.
- Nutrition: provides nutrients to articular cartilage.
- Shock absorption: protects bones from impact during movement.
Joint Disorders
- Non-inflammatory: degenerative joint disorders (osteoarthritis).
- Inflammatory: rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus, rheumatic fever, crystal-induced gout.
- Septic: microbial infection.
- Hemorrhagic: traumatic injury, tumors, hemophilia, and other coagulation disorders.
Color and Transparency
- Normal: pale yellow, clear, and transparent.
- Abnormal: deeper yellow or green (bacterial infection), dark red or brown (chronic rheumatoid arthritis).
Microscopic Examination
- WBC count and differential: measures presence and type of WBCs.
- Gram Stain: detects presence and type of microbes.
- Bacterial Culture: detects presence and type of microbes.
Cell Count
- WBC count: uses white cell counting technique with isotonic saline solution.
- RBC count: usually present in low numbers, may be present due to trauma.
Differential Cell Count
- Neutrophils: >80% indicate septic inflammation.
- Monocytes: large mononuclear cells, may be vacuolated.
- Eosinophils: >2% indicate metastatic carcinoma, acute rheumatic fever, or rheumatoid arthritis.
- Lymphocytes: indicate non-septic inflammation, may be found in viral infection or rheumatoid arthritis.
Crystals
- Endogenous crystals: monosodium urate (MSU), calcium pyrophosphate dehydrate (CPPD), cholesterol.
- Exogenous crystals: glove powder, corticosteroids.
Chemical Analysis
- Glucose: normal value 0-10% lower than plasma glucose level.
- Protein: normal value 1.3g/dl, increased in inflammatory conditions.
- Uric acid: normal value 10mg/dl, increased in acute gout.
Serological Tests
- RF (rheumatoid factor): found in 60% of RA patients.
- ANA (antinuclear antibody): used to evaluate autoimmune disorders.
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Description
Learn about synovial fluid, its function, and importance in joint cavities. Understand its role in lubricating joints and providing nutrients to cartilage.
