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Questions and Answers
What is the main function of a computer register?
Which register holds the address of the instruction that needs to be executed next?
What does the Data Register (DR) hold?
Which register acts as a temporary storage location for data during processing in the CPU?
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Which register is responsible for holding output characters?
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Which register is primarily used for holding input characters?
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What is the function of the Address Register (AR)?
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What is the main purpose of a Counter in digital electronics?
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What is a key function of a Counter in sequential circuits?
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In what mode does an Asynchronous Counter operate?
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Which type of Counter is driven by a global clock for all flip flops?
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What is the primary function of the Instruction Register (IR)?
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Which register is used for holding temporary data in digital systems?
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What type of event does a Counter primarily count in digital electronics?
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Which register is responsible for holding the address of the next instruction to be executed in a CPU?
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What role does an Up counter play during counting events?
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What distinguishes a Synchronous Counter from an Asynchronous Counter?
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Study Notes
Synchronous Counter vs Asynchronous Counter
- Synchronous counter can operate on higher frequency than asynchronous counter as it doesn't have cumulative delay because of the same clock given to each flip-flop.
- Also known as parallel counter.
Instruction Cycle
- A program in a computer's memory unit consists of a sequence of instructions.
- The processor executes these instructions by going through a cycle for each instruction.
- The instruction cycle consists of the following phases:
- Fetch instruction from memory.
- Decode the instruction.
- Read the effective address from memory.
- Execute the instruction.
Input-Output Configuration
- Input-output devices act as an interface between the machine and the user.
- Instructions and data stored in memory come from some input device.
- Results are displayed to the user through some output device.
Instruction Format
- Instruction includes a set of operation codes and operands that manage with the operation codes.
- Instruction format supports the design of bits in an instruction.
- Contains fields including opcode, operands, and addressing mode.
- Instruction length is generally preserved in multiples of the character length, which is 8 bits.
Registers
- Registers are a type of computer memory used to quickly accept, store, and transfer data and instructions.
- Registers used by the CPU are often termed as Processor registers.
- A processor register may hold an instruction, a storage address, or any data.
- Different registers used in computer:
- OUTR (8-bit): Output register that holds output character.
- INPR (8-bit): Input register that holds input character.
- PC (12-bit): Program Counter that holds the address of the instruction.
- AR (12-bit): Address Register that holds an address for memory.
- DR (16-bit): Data Register that holds memory operand.
- AC (16-bit): Accumulator that holds the result of an operation.
Counter
- A counter is a device that stores (and sometimes displays) the number of times a particular event or process has occurred.
- Counters are used in digital electronics for counting purposes.
- Counters can count specific events happening in the circuit.
- They can also be designed to follow a certain sequence based on design.
- Counters are sequential circuits that count the number of pulses, can be either in binary code or BCD form.
- Main properties of a counter are timing, sequencing, and counting.
- Counters can be used as frequency dividers where the frequency of a given pulse waveform is divided.
- Counters work in two modes: Up counter and Down counter.
Types of Counters
- Asynchronous Counter: doesn't use a universal clock, only the first flip-flop is driven by the main clock, and the clock input of the rest of the following flip-flops is driven by the output of previous flip-flops.
- Synchronous Counter: has one global clock that drives each flip-flop, so output changes in parallel.
Flip Flops
- J-K Flip Flop: has Clock (CLK), Clear (CLR), and Preset (PR) inputs.
- D Flip Flop: used in synchronous counters.
- T Flip Flop: used in counters.
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Description
Learn about the advantages of synchronous counter over asynchronous counter, including its ability to operate on higher frequencies without cumulative delay. Explore how synchronous counters are also referred to as parallel counters. Understand the function of the Instruction Cycle in computer programs.
