Symptoms and Treatment of TIAs and Raynaud's Phenomenon
159 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is a common symptom of vertebrobasilar TIAs?

  • Dizziness (correct)
  • Raynaud's phenomenon
  • Hemiparesis
  • Amaurosis fugax

    • What is Amaurosis fugax a symptom of?

  • Retinal or ophthalmic artery ischemia (correct)
  • Vertebrobasilar ischemia
  • Vestibular pathway involvement
  • Anterior circulation TIAs

    • What are common symptoms of anterior circulation TIAs?

  • Dizziness, hemiparesis, and abdominal pain
  • Hemiparesis, sensory deficits, and Raynaud's phenomenon
  • Dizziness, hemiparesis, and sensory deficits (correct)
  • Hemiparesis, sensory deficits, and amaurosis fugax

    • What is the first-line treatment for Raynaud's phenomenon?

    <p>CCBs, nifedipine, and BBs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common congenital heart defect?

    <p>VSD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of murmur is typically associated with PDA?

    <p>Continuous or machinery-like murmur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a normal finding in neonates?

    <p>Murmus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diameter criteria for surgical repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysm?

    <p>&gt; 5.5cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common benign uterine tumor?

    <p>Uterine leiomyomata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical appearance of the posterior pharynx in a patient with a viral infection?

    <p>Cobblestone appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common site of volvulus in the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Sigmoid colon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical age range for cecal volvulus?

    <p>30-60 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for myxedema coma?

    <p>IV levothyroxine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the sign seen on abdominal CT in sigmoid volvulus?

    <p>Whirl sign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for esophageal foreign body in pediatrics?

    <p>Endoscopic removal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the scoring system used to determine admission for TIA patients?

    <p>ABCD2 score</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for cecal volvulus?

    <p>Surgical exploration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the condition characterized by severe hypothyroidism leading to lethargy, hypothermia, and hypotension?

    <p>Myxedema coma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the immediate response stage of wound healing?

    <p>To form a blood clot and promote hemostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hallmark of Left Ventricular Heart Failure?

    <p>Dependent edema and congestion in the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of Diabetes Insipidus (DI) in the context of pituitary surgery?

    <p>Deficiency of ADH leading to excessive urination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of IgA deposition in IgA Nephropathy?

    <p>Glomerular mesangium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for severe cases of IgA Nephropathy?

    <p>Immunosuppressive therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended oxygen therapy for cluster headaches?

    <p>6 L/min for 15 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the proliferation stage of wound healing?

    <p>To promote granulation and tissue formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary complication of untreated Diabetes Insipidus (DI)?

    <p>Severe dehydration and hypernatremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common radiographic finding in patients with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia?

    <p>Patchy infiltrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a contraindication for the treatment of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia?

    <p>Beta-lactam antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common symptom of Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) on the face?

    <p>Developing facial lesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS)?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common age group affected by Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia?

    <p>Young adults and children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the gold standard for diagnosing Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) on the face?

    <p>Biopsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age range most commonly affected by Scarlet Fever?

    <p>Children between 5-15 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic appearance of the tongue in Scarlet Fever?

    <p>Red, bumpy tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the complication of Scarlet Fever that can lead to heart problems?

    <p>Rheumatic fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical duration of recovery from Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?

    <p>3-4 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of ACE inhibitors on glomerular filtration?

    <p>Decrease glomerular filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of ACE inhibitors?

    <p>Hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical time frame between Group A strep infection and the development of Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?

    <p>2-4 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic skin finding in Scarlet Fever?

    <p>Fine, sandpaper-like rash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mastoiditis: Generally treated with IV antibiotics such as ______ or ______, with potential need for ______otomy

    Signup and view all the answers

    Petechiae: - Tiny, red, non-____ spots, commonly found in dependent areas.

    <p>blanching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the causes of petechiae?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial drug of choice in a symptomatic patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

    <p>BBs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monitor for adrenal crisis: ___, ___, ___.

    <p>hypoTN, hypoNa, hyperK</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended dose for minor illness (e.g., cold)?

    <p>5-10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By how much should the glucocorticoid dose increase during major stress (e.g., surgery)?

    <p>2-3x</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used for the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency?

    <p>ACTH stimulation test, Serum cortisol levels, Electrolyte panel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for primary adrenal insufficiency to maintain electrolyte balance and blood pressure?

    <p>Mineralocorticoid replacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary surgical procedure for Hirschsprung's disease?

    <p>Pullthru</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic presentation of Hirschsprung's disease?

    <p>Delayed meconium passage, progressive constipation, abdominal distension, failure to thrive, toxic colitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pathognomonic: Broad-based budding extbf{______} forms on histopathology

    <p>yeast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Treatment Cornerstone: extbf{} therapy with extbf{} or extbf{_________}

    <p>antifungal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Red Flags: Disseminated disease, CNS involvement

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Common Symptom: extbf{_________} barked

    <p>dog</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Timing of Reaction: extbf{}- extbf{} hours

    <p>6-24</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cause: Medications (e.g., extbf{______})

    <p>antibody</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following programming languages with their primary usage:

    <p>Python = General-purpose programming JavaScript = Client-side scripting for web applications SQL = Database queries CSS = Styling web pages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Common causes of nephritic syndrome include: Acute ______________ glomerulonephritis __________ nephropathy __________ nephritis Vasculitis (e.g., granulomatosis with polyangiitis, microscopic polyangiitis) ______________ syndrome

    <p>poststrep, IgA, lupus, GP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Key differences between nephritic and nephrotic syndromes: Onset: __________ is rapid (days to weeks), the other is gradual (weeks to months)

    <p>Nephritic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ____ is a common symptom of vertebrobasilar TIAs due to the involvement of vestibular pathways

    <p>Dizziness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What renal function change often causes acute kidney injury in nephritic syndrome?

    <p>Inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diseases that can cause nephrotic syndrome include: ______________ disease ______________ segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) Membranous nephropathy ______________ nephropathy Amyloidosis

    <p>Minimal change, Focal, Diabetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amaurosis fugax is a symptom of retinal or ophthalmic artery __________, not vertebrobasilar ischemia

    <p>Ischemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    , hemiparesis, and ____ sensory deficits are more common in anterior circulation () TIAs

    <p>Weakness, sensory, hemispheric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following childhood viruses with their associated symptoms:

    <p>Rubeola (Measles) = High fever, cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, maculopapular rash Roseola = Primarily affects infants and young children, high fever followed by rash on trunk Fifth Disease (Erythema infectiosum) = Red cheeks, lacy rash, prodromal symptoms Rubella (German measles) = Prodromal symptoms, lymphadenopathy, less severe rash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus causes symptoms characterized by bright red cheeks, followed by a lacy, reticular rash on trunk and extremities?

    <p>Fifth Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    CCBs, nifedipine, BBs, periph Raynaud's phenomenon. _____, such as _____, are the first-line treatment for Raynaud's phenomenon. _____ may worsen Raynaud's symptoms by reducing _____ blood flow

    <p>Vasodilators, nitrates, Beta blockers, peripheral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prostate cancer: isolated nodule, order ______________ and ______________

    <p>US, PSA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    VSD, holosys, PDA, PFO, no ____ is the most common congenital heart defect and can cause a ____ murmur in neonates

    <p>PDA, Continuous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ____ typically presents with a continuous or machinery-like murmur, not a holosystolic murmur

    <p>PDA (Patent Ductus Arteriosus)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathology involves proteinuria, low albumin, hyperlipidemia, and edema?

    <p>Nephrotic syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ____ is a normal finding in neonates and typically causes ____ murmur

    <p>PDA, Continuous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical presentation of Sarcoidosis in terms of lymphadenopathy and biochemical markers?

    <p>Hilar adenopathy, elevated ACE/calcium/uric acid levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition presents with symmetric joint arthritis, elevated ESR, and a percentage of RF negative?

    <p>Rheumatoid arthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Back, 5.5, 3 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) Demographics: Most common in men over 65, smokers, and those with a family history. First-Line: Surgical repair for aneurysms >__cm or symptomatic. Alternatives: Watchful waiting with regular imaging for smaller aneurysms. Diagnostic Criteria: Diameter >__cm on imaging. Red Flags: Sudden severe back or abdominal pain (may indicate impending rupture).

    <p>5.5, 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended evaluation for tubal scarring/adhesions in female infertility, especially with a history of PID or appendicitis?

    <p>Hysterosalpingogram</p> Signup and view all the answers

    RNA, PCR, ribavirin, sofo(sbuvir), ledip(asvir), sustained Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Management Demographics: Risk factors include IV drug use, high-risk sexual behavior, blood transfusion before 1992. First-Line: Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs): ____, ____, ____

    <p>Ribavirin, Sofosbuvir, Ledipasvir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which childhood illness causes a bright red, well-demarcated rash on the cheeks known as 'lushed cheeks' appearance?

    <p>Fifth Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypercalcemia Management Demographics: Common in ____ women, patients with ____. First-Line: Surgical removal of parathyroid adenoma if present. Alternatives: Bisphosphonates or ____ if surgery not possible.

    <p>Postmenopausal, fractures, Calcitonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Central Retinal Vascular Occlusion Demographics: More common in the elderly and those with vascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes). First-Line: ____

    <p>Immediate Ophthalmologic Evaluation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myasthenia Gravis Peak incidence: - years old, __ > __ (2:1 ratio). Clinical Presentation: __, __ weakness of muscles:

    <p>20-40, Women, Men, Fatigable, Muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) Weakness ____ with repeated muscle use (opposite of __). Associated with ____ in ~50% of cases.

    <p>Improves, Myasthenia Gravis, Cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Guillain-Barré syndrome Presentation: ____ ascending muscle weakness and ___. Autonomic dysfunction: __ BP, urinary retention, __. Prognosis and Recovery: Most patients recover w/i __ with tx

    <p>Symmetric, Areflexia, Labile, Ileus, Months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Meds that worsen GOUT 1. Thiazide diuretics (e.g., hydrochlorothiazide, ____)

    <p>Chlorthalidone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gynecomastia is a common finding in males during early puberty (ages 13-14, Tanner stage 3-4) Occurs in 50% of males at some point during adolescence Results from relative imbalance between estrogen and testosterone levels Further evaluation is indicated if gynecomastia persists >__ years or past age __. Serum __ is not elevated in physiologic gynecomastia

    <p>2, 17, Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Risk Factors for Renal Cell Carcinoma (in order from greatest to least risk): 1. ____ 2. ____ 3. Hypertension 4. End-stage kidney disease 5. Strong family history of renal cell carcinoma 6. Prior kidney irradiation 7. Occupational exposure to ____ and other toxic compounds

    <p>Smoking, Fat, Asbestos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ____ is a painless separation of the nail from the nail bed. Several or all nails are usually affected - there are many causes.

    <p>Onycholysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ____ is an infection of the nail bed and nail margin, usually from trauma or more commonly, ___.

    <p>Paronychia, Biting Nails</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Common SE is ________.

    <p>side effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of restrictive cardiomyopathy?

    <p>amyloidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common pathogen in acute bacterial sinusitis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    IF LOW ABCD2 risk = -

    <p>0-3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Day 2 = ______% risk of stroke

    <p>1.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of amyloidosis with their descriptions:

    <p>AL (Amyloid Light-Chain) = Associated with plasma cell disorders like MM AA (Amyloid A) = Due to chronic inflammatory conditions (RA, IBD, chronic infections) Familial = Inherited, e.g., transthyretin amyloidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fibromyalgia is more common in men than in women.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Day 7 = ______%

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Day 90 = ______%

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appearance of the posterior pharynx in cobblestoning?

    <p>irregular, bumpy mucosa resembling cobblestones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    IF MED ABCD2 risk = -

    <p>4-5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myxedema coma is characterized by severe ________ leading to hypothermia, hypoventilation, and hypoTN.

    <p>hypothyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Day 2 = ______% risk of stroke

    <p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common foreign body found in the esophagus of children < 5 years old?

    <p>coins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptoms are commonly associated with cecal volvulus?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Day 7 = ______%

    <p>7.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Day 90 = ______%

    <p>10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) typically last more than 4 hours.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    IF HIGH ABCD2 risk = -

    <p>6-7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Day 2 = ______% risk of stroke

    <p>10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Day 7 = ______%

    <p>12.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Day 90 = ______%

    <p>17.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Scarlatina rash is caused by _______

    <p>Group A strep infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What age group is mainly affected by Scarlatina rash?

    <p>5-12 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the characteristics of the rash in Scarlatina.

    <p>Fine, sandpaper-like, starts on neck and spreads to body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main symptom of Scarlet Fever?

    <p>Strawberry tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis primarily affects adults.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis presents with hematuria, edema, and _______

    <p>hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is commonly used to treat hypertension but may result in hyperkalemia in patients with chronic renal disease?

    <p>ACE inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the programming language with its primary usage:

    <p>Python = General-purpose programming JavaScript = Client-side scripting for web applications SQL = Database queries CSS = Styling web pages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ causes peptic ulcers, gastritis, and gastric lymphoma.

    <p>H.Pylori</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What test is used to confirm H.Pylori eradication after treatment?

    <p>Urea breath test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This bluish discoloration is referred to as _____ Sign

    <p>Trendelenburg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For recurrent kidney stones, make these dietary changes: Fluid increase to _____L/day, Low _____ intake, Low _____ intake, Calcium intake should be _____-_____mg/day

    <p>2, sodium, protein, 600, 800</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wet purpura involves blood blisters on _____ membranes, indicating _____ thrombocytopenia and high bleeding risk. Causes may include ____ and ____

    <p>mucous, severe, DIC, TTP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thrombocytopenic ecchymoses present as small, scattered, non-_____ superficial bruises. Causes include thrombocytopenia and _____ function disorders.

    <p>tender, vW</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thrombocytopenia refers to a platelet count below 100,000/uL. Which of the following are potential causes? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Malignancies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment approach for thrombocytopenia to address spontaneous bleeding and surgical bleeding?

    <p>Maintain platelets above 50,000/uL, below 30,000/uL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with the associated condition: Essential Thrombocytosis, Myelofibrosis, Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia, Polycythemia Vera, Acute Myeloid Leukemia

    <p>Increased risk of thrombosis = Essential Thrombocytosis Bone marrow fibrosis = Myelofibrosis Monoclonal gammopathy = Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia Elevated red blood cell count = Polycythemia Vera Blasts on peripheral blood smear = Acute Myeloid Leukemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Down Syndrome, karyotyping typically reveals Trisomy 21.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some key physical features of Turner Syndrome?

    <p>Short stature, webbed neck, wide-spaced nipples, cubital valgus, ovarian dysgenesis, lymphedema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of leukemia are more common in children?

    <p>Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common treatment approach for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia?

    <p>Tyrosine kinase inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hemophilia A is caused by Factor _____ deficiency in an X-linked _____ inheritance pattern.

    <p>VIII, recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Polycystic ovaries on ultrasound are associated with ______ resistance (50-70%)

    <p>insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for cycle regulation and hirsutism in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome?

    <p>OCPs (Oral Contraceptive Pills)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended medication for insulin resistance in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome?

    <p>Metformin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the usual cause of inflammation of the epididymis?

    <p>bacterial infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acute scrotal pain and swelling are common presentations of epididymitis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following compounds to the correct condition:

    <p>Ceftriaxone + doxycycline = STI suspected epididymitis NSAIDs, scrotal elevation = General epididymitis Abscess = Complication of untreated epididymitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What viral infection can lead to epididymitis in post-pubertal males?

    <p>mumps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical presentation of mumps epididymitis?

    <p>Unilateral testicular swelling and pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Left atrial enlargement can cause biphasic P waves in leads I and II with a negative terminal deflection of ___ wave in V__.

    <p>P</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the skin condition causing intensely itchy vesicles on palms, soles, and lateral fingers?

    <p>dyshidrotic eczema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are recommended treatments for absence seizures?

    <p>Klonopin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mastoiditis: Generally treated with IV antibiotics such as _____ or _____, with potential need for ______otomy.

    Signup and view all the answers

    Mastoiditis: Generally treated with IV antibiotics such as _ or _, with potential need for _otomy

    <p>beta, uptake, muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and progressive _-cell dysfunction

    <p>beta-cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does insulin resistance lead to in the body?

    <p>impaired uptake of glucose by the cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are potential long-term complications of type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Retinopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vitamin A toxicity can occur due to excessive intake of vitamin A supplements or megavitamins. Symptoms include , blurred vision, , nausea, and skin changes (-, peeling)

    <p>HA, dryness, liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Addison's disease caused by?

    <p>destruction of the adrenal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are symptoms of Addison's disease?

    <p>Hyperpigmentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gout is caused by the deposition of _ _ crystals in the joints

    <p>monosodium urate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can trigger bronchospasm in patients with asthma when using beta-blockers?

    <p>nonselective beta-blockers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classic finding during palpation of the right upper quadrant in acute cholecystitis?

    <p>Murphy's sign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is thalassemia diagnosed?

    <p>CBC, hemoglobin electrophoresis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a treatment option for hyperthyroidism?

    <p>Antithyroid drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common cause of bacterial sinusitis?

    <p>viral upper respiratory infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is commonly used as first-line treatment for SVT in stable patients?

    <p>vagal maneuvers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Vertebrobasilar TIAs

    • A symptom of vertebrobasilar ischemia is diplopia (double vision) due to the involvement of vestibular pathways.
    • Amaurosis fugax is a symptom of retinal or ophthalmic artery insufficiency, not vertebrobasilar ischemia.

    Anterior Circulation TIAs

    • Hemiparesis, hemisensory deficits, and aphasia are more common in anterior circulation TIAs.

    Raynaud's Phenomenon

    • Treatment: Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs), nifedipine, beta blockers (BBs), and peripheral vasodilators.
    • These medications can worsen Raynaud's symptoms by reducing blood flow.

    Congenital Heart Defects

    • VSD (Ventricular Septal Defect) is the most common congenital heart defect and can cause a holosystolic murmur in neonates.
    • PDA (Patent Ductus Arteriosus) typically presents with a continuous or machinery-like murmur.

    Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA)

    • Demographics: Most common in men over 65, smokers, and those with a family history.
    • Classic presentation: Often asymptomatic; may have back pain, pulsatile abdominal mass, or abdominal pain.
    • Treatment: Surgical repair for aneurysms > 5.5 cm or symptomatic.

    Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Management

    • Demographics: Risk factors include IV drug use, high-risk sexual behavior, and blood transfusion before 1992.
    • Treatment: Antiviral therapy, surgical resection of tumor.

    Uterine Leiomyomata (Fibroids)

    • Symptoms: Severe dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation), menorrhagia (abnormally heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding), and enlarged, irregular uterus on exam.
    • Treatment: NSAIDs, OCPs (oral contraceptive pills), myomectomy, or hysterectomy.

    Cobblestoning of the Posterior Pharynx

    • Appearance: Irregular, bumpy mucosa resembling cobblestones.
    • Etiology: Typically viral (e.g., EBV, adenovirus).
    • Treatment: Supportive care.

    Myxedema Coma

    • Symptoms: Lethargy progressing to stupor/coma, hypoventilation, hypothermia, and macroglossia.
    • Precipitated by infection, cold exposure, sedatives, or other metabolic stressors.
    • Treatment: IV levothyroxine and hydrocortisone.

    Cecal Volvulus

    • Second most common site of volvulus (after sigmoid volvulus).
    • Congenital defect in mesentery resulting in twisting of mobile cecum.
    • Classic imaging findings: Coffee bean or comma-shaped appearance.
    • Risk factors: Age 30-60, increased GI malignancy.

    Sigmoid Volvulus

    • Most common site of volvulus in the gastrointestinal tract.
    • Occurs when sigmoid colon twists on its mesentery, causing obstruction.
    • Risk factors: Age > 60, chronic constipation, and neurological disorders.

    Esophageal Foreign Body in Pediatrics

    • Most common in children < 5 years old.
    • Coins are the most frequent culprit.
    • Diagnosis: X-ray, contrast study if radiolucent object suspected.
    • Treatment: Endoscopic removal if symptomatic or object present > 24 hours.

    TIA

    • Neurologic deficit lasting < 24 hours.
    • Caused by temporary cerebral ischemia.
    • Risk factors: HTN, smoking, DM, dyslipidemia.
    • Diagnosis: Clinical diagnosis, rule out stroke with CT/MRI.
    • Treatment: Antiplatelet therapy, address risk factors, and carotid endarterectomy or stenting if indicated.

    Mycoplasma Pneumoniae PNA

    • Atypical pneumonia, common in young adults.
    • Diagnosis: Chest X-ray, PCR, and CT.
    • Treatment: Antimicrobial therapy, fluoroquinolones (alternative).

    Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) on Face

    • Developing facial lesion, no fluctuance or skin necrosis.
    • Extremely aggressive, no skin invasion.
    • Treatment: Surgical excision, Mohs micrographic surgery for high-risk areas.

    Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS)

    • Life-threatening reaction to antipsychotic medications, common in young adults.
    • Symptoms: Muscle rigidity, hyperthermia, altered mental status.

    Stages of Wound Healing

    • Immediate response: Vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation, clot formation.
    • Inflammation: 0-3 days, macrophages, neutrophils.
    • Proliferation: 3-21 days, fibroblasts, collagen, granulation tissue.
    • Remodeling: 21 days to 1 year, collagen remodeling, tensile strength increases.

    Right Ventricular Heart Failure

    • Manifested by dependent edema and congestion in the lungs.
    • First sign: Shortness of breath with exertion or at rest.

    Diabetes Insipidus (DI)

    • Etiology: Post-surgical complication, often after pituitary surgery.
    • Pathophysiology: Deficiency of ADH leading to excessive urination and thirst.
    • Diagnosis: Clinical presentation, labs, water deprivation test.
    • Treatment: Desmopressin administration.

    IgA Nephropathy

    • Pathophysiology: IgA deposition in glomerular mesangium.
    • Epidemiology: Most common glomerulonephritis worldwide.
    • Often affects children and young adults.
    • Clinical presentation: Hematuria, proteinuria, and gross hematuria following upper respiratory or GI infection.
    • Diagnosis: Renal biopsy, serum IgA levels.
    • Treatment: ACE inhibitors for proteinuria, fish oil (omega-3 fatty acids) may be beneficial.

    Cluster Headache

    • Life-threatening reaction to antipsychotic medications, common in young adults.
    • Treatment: Oxygen therapy.

    Scarlatina Rash

    • Cause: Group A streptococcal infection.
    • Age: Mainly children 5-15 years.
    • Symptoms: Rash, strawberry tongue, and Pastia's lines.

    Scarlet Fever

    • Cause: Group A streptococcal infection.
    • Symptoms: Rash, strawberry tongue, and Pastia's lines.
    • Diagnosis: Clinical, rapid strep test, throat culture.
    • Treatment: Antibiotics.

    Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis

    • Follows Group A streptococcal infection (pharyngitis, impetigo) by 2-4 weeks.
    • Ages 5-12 most commonly affected.
    • Presents with hematuria, edema, hypertension, and oliguria.
    • Diagnosis: Clinical, ASO titer, and C3 levels.
    • Treatment: Supportive care, ACE inhibitors.

    ACE Inhibitors

    • Side effects: Cough, hyperkalemia, angioedema, and teratogenic effects.
    • Contraindications: Bilateral renal artery stenosis, hyperkalemia, and pregnancy.

    Raynaud's Phenomenon

    • Treatment: Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs), nifedipine, beta blockers (BBs), and peripheral vasodilators.
    • These medications can worsen Raynaud's symptoms by reducing blood flow.

    Here are the study notes for the provided text:

    • Dermatology*
    • Petechiae: tiny, red, non-blanching spots, commonly found in dependent areas; causes: thrombocytopenia, capillaritis, infections (e.g., meningococcal fever)
    • Viral conjunctivitis: associated with copious watery discharge and preauricular adenopathy
    • Endocrinology*
    • Adrenal Insufficiency: primary (Addison's disease) vs. secondary (pituitary dysfunction)
    • Monitor for adrenal crisis: hypotension, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia
    • Treatment: glucocorticoid replacement (e.g., hydrocortisone)
    • Cardiology*
    • Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: initial drug of choice is beta-blocker (BB)
    • Heart Failure: NYHA Class IV - unable to carry out physical activity without discomfort
    • Gastroenterology*
    • Hirschsprung's Disease: congenital disorder with absent ganglion cells in distal colon, causing functional obstruction and constipation in infants and children
    • Acute Pancreatitis: severe, epigastric abdominal pain and elevated lipase and amylase levels
    • Hematology*
    • Sickle Cell Anemia: autosomal recessive disorder; if both parents are carriers, there is a 25% chance of having a child with sickle cell anemia
    • Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE): progressive, fatal brain disorder caused by persistent measles infection
    • Nephrology*
    • Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis (PSGN): common cause of acute glomerulonephritis in children; occurs 1-3 weeks after streptococcal infection
    • Infectious Diseases*
    • Pyelonephritis: bacterial infection of the kidney; consider pseudomonas, streptococcus, and klebsiella; treatment: fluoroquinolone (e.g., ciprofloxacin)
    • Malignant Otitis Externa: invasive infection of the external auditory canal, typically caused by pseudomonas aeruginosa
    • Pulmonology*
    • Asthma: exacerbation - acute worsening of symptoms, often triggered by viral infections, allergens, or irritants; treatment: SABA, ipratropium bromide, and prednisone
    • Other*
    • Vitamin D Deficiency: characterized by low levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D; risk factors: limited sun exposure, dark skin pigmentation, malabsorption disorders, and obesity
    • Cushing's Syndrome: excess glucocorticoid levels; causes: pituitary adenoma, adrenal tumors, and ectopic ACTH secretion### Cardiology
    • Tx: ACE inhibitor + β-blocker + diuretic + spironolactone for symptomatic relief, and CRT or ICD for select patients
    • Cardiac tamponade: consider immediate pericardiocentesis
    • chylothorax: associated with thoracic duct rupture, not spontaneous pneumothorax
    • Vertebrobasilar TIAs: symptoms include vertigo, ischemia, aphasia, unilateral, and carotid transient ischemic attack
    • Raynaud's phenomenon: first-line treatment includes calcium channel blockers, such as nifedipine

    Pulmonology

    • Asthma exacerbation: treatment includes beta-agonists, ipratropium, magnesium, epinephrine, and steroids
    • COPD: treatment includes bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors

    Gastroenterology

    • Hepatitis C: treatment includes direct-acting antivirals, such as sofosbuvir and ledipasvir
    • Hypercalcemia: treatment includes surgical removal of parathyroid adenoma and bisphosphonates

    Nephrology

    • Nephrotic syndrome: characterized by heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema
    • Nephritic syndrome: characterized by hematuria, proteinuria, hypertension, and edema
    • Key differences between nephrotic and nephritic syndromes:
      • Onset: nephrotic is gradual, nephritic is rapid
      • Proteinuria: nephrotic has heavy proteinuria, nephritic has less
      • Hematuria: more common in nephritic syndrome
      • Edema: severe and generalized in nephrotic syndrome
      • Hypertension: more common and severe in nephritic syndrome
      • Renal function: nephritic syndrome often causes acute kidney injury
      • Complement levels: decreased in nephritic syndrome
      • Lipid abnormalities: hyperlipidemia in nephrotic syndrome

    Neurology

    • Myasthenia gravis: autoimmune disorder affecting the neuromuscular junction, treatment includes acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and immunosuppressants
    • Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome: autoimmune disorder affecting the presynaptic neuromuscular junction, treatment includes 3,4-diaminopyridine, immunosuppressants, and cancer screening
    • Guillain-Barré syndrome: acute inflammatory demyelinating syndrome, treatment includes supportive care, plasmapheresis, and pain control

    Oncology

    • Renal cell carcinoma: risk factors include smoking, obesity, asbestos, and hypertension, diagnosis includes abdominal CT and biopsy, treatment includes nephrectomy and adjuvant therapy

    Pediatrics

    • Gynecomastia: common finding in males during early puberty, results from relative imbalance between estrogen and testosterone levels
    • Hematuria: present in nephritic syndromes, typically seen in hypertension, and vasculitis
    • Cholelithiasis: associated with pancreatitis, particularly in children with cystic fibrosis

    Infectious Diseases

    • Toxoplasmosis: parasitic infection, common in AIDS, causing ring-enhancing brain lesions
    • Rubeola (measles): acute illness, symptoms include fever, conjunctivitis, Koplik spots, and maculopapular rashHere are the study notes:

    Childhood Viral Exanthems

    • Rubeola (Measles):
      • Prodrome of fever, cough, coryza, and conjunctivitis (3 Cs)
      • Koplik spots on buccal mucosa appear 2-4 days before rash onset
      • Maculopapular rash begins on face and spreads downward, becoming confluent
      • Contagious from 4 days before to 4 days after rash onset
    • Roseola (Exanthem Subitum):
      • Primarily affects infants and young children (6 months to 3 years old)
      • High fever (>39.5°C or 103°F) for 3-5 days, followed by defervescence
      • Maculopapular rash appears as fever subsides, starting on trunk and spreading to extremities
      • Rash typically lasts 1-2 days
      • Caused by human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6)
    • Rubella (German Measles):
      • Mild prodrome (low-grade fever, malaise, lymphadenopathy) 1-5 days before rash onset
      • Maculopapular rash begins on face and spreads downward, lasting 3 days
      • Rash is less confluent and fades more quickly than measles rash
      • Cervical and suboccipital lymphadenopathy is a characteristic finding
      • Congenital rubella syndrome can occur if infection during pregnancy
    • Erythema Infectiosum (Fifth Disease):
      • Caused by parvovirus B19
      • "Slapped cheek" appearance: bright red, well-demarcated rash on cheeks
      • Lacy, reticular rash on arms and legs follows the facial rash
      • Rash may wax and wane for several weeks, exacerbated by heat, stress, or exercise
      • Mild prodromal symptoms (low-grade fever, malaise) may occur 1-2 weeks before rash onset

    Thrombocytopenia

    • Causes:
      • Pregnancy
      • Hepatitis B & C
      • HIV
      • Chronic liver disease
      • Malignancies
      • Medications
    • Symptoms:
      • Spontaneous bleeding: usually occurs when platelets are below 10,000/uL
      • Surgical bleeding: typically happens when platelets are below 50,000/uL
    • Treatment:
      • Address the underlying cause
      • Maintain platelets above 20,000/uL

    Neurology

    • Parkinsonian symptoms:
      • Akinesia
      • Bradykinesia
      • Cogwheel rigidity
      • Mask-like facial expression
      • Tremor
    • Drug-induced Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS) and Tardive Dyskinesia (TD)
      • EPS: acute, dystonic reactions, typically seen in patients on typical antipsychotics
      • TD: chronic, involuntary movements, often develops after prolonged exposure to antipsychotics
      • Treatment: reduce antipsychotic dose or switch to atypical antipsychotics; add anticholinergic medications or dopamine-depleting agents

    Hematology

    • Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (MPN):
      • Essential Thrombocytosis (ET):
        • Elevated platelet count
        • JAK2 mutation
        • Increased risk of thrombosis
        • Hemorrhagic complications
      • Myelofibrosis (MF):
        • Bone marrow fibrosis
        • JAK2 mutation
        • Anemia
        • Extramedullary hematopoiesis
    • Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML):
      • Blast cells in peripheral blood smear
      • Auer rods
      • p53 mutation
      • Cytogenetic abnormalities (e.g., t(8;21), inv(16))
      • Leukocytopenia
    • Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL):
      • Lymphocytosis
      • CD5+, CD19+, CD20+, CD23+ cells
      • Hypogammaglobulinemia
      • Lymphadenopathy
    • Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML):
      • Chronic phase, accelerated phase, blast crisis
      • Philadelphia chromosome (Ph+)
      • BCR-ABL fusion gene
      • Splenomegaly
      • Low WBCs with left shift
    • Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP):
      • Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA)
      • Thrombocytopenia
      • Neurological symptoms
      • Renal failure

    Inherited Bleeding Disorders

    • Hemophilia A:
      • Factor VIII deficiency
      • X-linked recessive inheritance
      • Bleeding symptoms: joint and muscle bleeding
      • Treatment: factor replacement therapy
    • Hemophilia B:
      • Factor IX deficiency
      • X-linked recessive inheritance
      • Bleeding symptoms: joint and muscle bleeding
      • Treatment: factor replacement therapy
    • von Willebrand Disease (vWD):
      • Caused by mutations in the VWF gene
      • Autosomal dominant or recessive inheritance
      • Bleeding symptoms: mucosal bleeding, easy bruising
      • Treatment: desmopressin, VWF concentrate replacement therapy

    Infections

    • Blastomycosis:
      • Often presents with flu-like symptoms, which may delay diagnosis
      • Typically found in the Midwest and South
      • Disseminated disease may involve skin, bones, and CNS
      • Identification of Blastomyces dermatitidis in culture or tissue biopsy
      • Treatment: itraconazole or amphotericin B therapy
    • Type III Allergic Reaction:
      • Immune complex-mediated
      • Symptoms: arthralgia, fever, rash, and lymphadenopathy
      • Timing: 3-10 days after exposure
      • Cause: medications, infections, and vaccines

    Let me know if you'd like me to break this down further or clarify any specific points!

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    untitled text 21.txt

    Description

    This quiz covers the symptoms and treatment of Transient Ischaemic Attacks (TIAs) and Raynaud's phenomenon, including vertebrobasilar and anterior circulation TIAs.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser