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Symptoms and Treatment of TIAs and Raynaud's Phenomenon
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Symptoms and Treatment of TIAs and Raynaud's Phenomenon

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Questions and Answers

What is a common symptom of vertebrobasilar TIAs?

  • Dizziness (correct)
  • Raynaud's phenomenon
  • Hemiparesis
  • Amaurosis fugax

    • What is Amaurosis fugax a symptom of?

  • Retinal or ophthalmic artery ischemia (correct)
  • Vertebrobasilar ischemia
  • Vestibular pathway involvement
  • Anterior circulation TIAs

    • What are common symptoms of anterior circulation TIAs?

  • Dizziness, hemiparesis, and abdominal pain
  • Hemiparesis, sensory deficits, and Raynaud's phenomenon
  • Dizziness, hemiparesis, and sensory deficits (correct)
  • Hemiparesis, sensory deficits, and amaurosis fugax

    • What is the first-line treatment for Raynaud's phenomenon?

    <p>CCBs, nifedipine, and BBs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common congenital heart defect?

    <p>VSD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of murmur is typically associated with PDA?

    <p>Continuous or machinery-like murmur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a normal finding in neonates?

    <p>Murmus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diameter criteria for surgical repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysm?

    <p>&gt; 5.5cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common benign uterine tumor?

    <p>Uterine leiomyomata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical appearance of the posterior pharynx in a patient with a viral infection?

    <p>Cobblestone appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common site of volvulus in the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Sigmoid colon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical age range for cecal volvulus?

    <p>30-60 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for myxedema coma?

    <p>IV levothyroxine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the sign seen on abdominal CT in sigmoid volvulus?

    <p>Whirl sign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for esophageal foreign body in pediatrics?

    <p>Endoscopic removal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the scoring system used to determine admission for TIA patients?

    <p>ABCD2 score</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for cecal volvulus?

    <p>Surgical exploration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the condition characterized by severe hypothyroidism leading to lethargy, hypothermia, and hypotension?

    <p>Myxedema coma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the immediate response stage of wound healing?

    <p>To form a blood clot and promote hemostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hallmark of Left Ventricular Heart Failure?

    <p>Dependent edema and congestion in the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of Diabetes Insipidus (DI) in the context of pituitary surgery?

    <p>Deficiency of ADH leading to excessive urination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of IgA deposition in IgA Nephropathy?

    <p>Glomerular mesangium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for severe cases of IgA Nephropathy?

    <p>Immunosuppressive therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended oxygen therapy for cluster headaches?

    <p>6 L/min for 15 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the proliferation stage of wound healing?

    <p>To promote granulation and tissue formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary complication of untreated Diabetes Insipidus (DI)?

    <p>Severe dehydration and hypernatremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common radiographic finding in patients with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia?

    <p>Patchy infiltrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a contraindication for the treatment of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia?

    <p>Beta-lactam antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common symptom of Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) on the face?

    <p>Developing facial lesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS)?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common age group affected by Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia?

    <p>Young adults and children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the gold standard for diagnosing Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) on the face?

    <p>Biopsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age range most commonly affected by Scarlet Fever?

    <p>Children between 5-15 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic appearance of the tongue in Scarlet Fever?

    <p>Red, bumpy tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the complication of Scarlet Fever that can lead to heart problems?

    <p>Rheumatic fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical duration of recovery from Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?

    <p>3-4 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of ACE inhibitors on glomerular filtration?

    <p>Decrease glomerular filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of ACE inhibitors?

    <p>Hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical time frame between Group A strep infection and the development of Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?

    <p>2-4 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic skin finding in Scarlet Fever?

    <p>Fine, sandpaper-like rash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mastoiditis: Generally treated with IV antibiotics such as ______ or ______, with potential need for ______otomy

    Signup and view all the answers

    Petechiae: - Tiny, red, non-____ spots, commonly found in dependent areas.

    <p>blanching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the causes of petechiae?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial drug of choice in a symptomatic patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

    <p>BBs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monitor for adrenal crisis: ___, ___, ___.

    <p>hypoTN, hypoNa, hyperK</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended dose for minor illness (e.g., cold)?

    <p>5-10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By how much should the glucocorticoid dose increase during major stress (e.g., surgery)?

    <p>2-3x</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used for the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency?

    <p>ACTH stimulation test, Serum cortisol levels, Electrolyte panel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for primary adrenal insufficiency to maintain electrolyte balance and blood pressure?

    <p>Mineralocorticoid replacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary surgical procedure for Hirschsprung's disease?

    <p>Pullthru</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic presentation of Hirschsprung's disease?

    <p>Delayed meconium passage, progressive constipation, abdominal distension, failure to thrive, toxic colitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pathognomonic: Broad-based budding extbf{______} forms on histopathology

    <p>yeast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Treatment Cornerstone: extbf{} therapy with extbf{} or extbf{_________}

    <p>antifungal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Red Flags: Disseminated disease, CNS involvement

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Common Symptom: extbf{_________} barked

    <p>dog</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Timing of Reaction: extbf{}- extbf{} hours

    <p>6-24</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cause: Medications (e.g., extbf{______})

    <p>antibody</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following programming languages with their primary usage:

    <p>Python = General-purpose programming JavaScript = Client-side scripting for web applications SQL = Database queries CSS = Styling web pages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Common causes of nephritic syndrome include: Acute ______________ glomerulonephritis __________ nephropathy __________ nephritis Vasculitis (e.g., granulomatosis with polyangiitis, microscopic polyangiitis) ______________ syndrome

    <p>poststrep, IgA, lupus, GP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Key differences between nephritic and nephrotic syndromes: Onset: __________ is rapid (days to weeks), the other is gradual (weeks to months)

    <p>Nephritic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ____ is a common symptom of vertebrobasilar TIAs due to the involvement of vestibular pathways

    <p>Dizziness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What renal function change often causes acute kidney injury in nephritic syndrome?

    <p>Inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diseases that can cause nephrotic syndrome include: ______________ disease ______________ segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) Membranous nephropathy ______________ nephropathy Amyloidosis

    <p>Minimal change, Focal, Diabetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amaurosis fugax is a symptom of retinal or ophthalmic artery __________, not vertebrobasilar ischemia

    <p>Ischemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    , hemiparesis, and ____ sensory deficits are more common in anterior circulation () TIAs

    <p>Weakness, sensory, hemispheric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following childhood viruses with their associated symptoms:

    <p>Rubeola (Measles) = High fever, cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, maculopapular rash Roseola = Primarily affects infants and young children, high fever followed by rash on trunk Fifth Disease (Erythema infectiosum) = Red cheeks, lacy rash, prodromal symptoms Rubella (German measles) = Prodromal symptoms, lymphadenopathy, less severe rash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus causes symptoms characterized by bright red cheeks, followed by a lacy, reticular rash on trunk and extremities?

    <p>Fifth Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    CCBs, nifedipine, BBs, periph Raynaud's phenomenon. _____, such as _____, are the first-line treatment for Raynaud's phenomenon. _____ may worsen Raynaud's symptoms by reducing _____ blood flow

    <p>Vasodilators, nitrates, Beta blockers, peripheral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prostate cancer: isolated nodule, order ______________ and ______________

    <p>US, PSA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    VSD, holosys, PDA, PFO, no ____ is the most common congenital heart defect and can cause a ____ murmur in neonates

    <p>PDA, Continuous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ____ typically presents with a continuous or machinery-like murmur, not a holosystolic murmur

    <p>PDA (Patent Ductus Arteriosus)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathology involves proteinuria, low albumin, hyperlipidemia, and edema?

    <p>Nephrotic syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ____ is a normal finding in neonates and typically causes ____ murmur

    <p>PDA, Continuous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical presentation of Sarcoidosis in terms of lymphadenopathy and biochemical markers?

    <p>Hilar adenopathy, elevated ACE/calcium/uric acid levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition presents with symmetric joint arthritis, elevated ESR, and a percentage of RF negative?

    <p>Rheumatoid arthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Back, 5.5, 3 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) Demographics: Most common in men over 65, smokers, and those with a family history. First-Line: Surgical repair for aneurysms >__cm or symptomatic. Alternatives: Watchful waiting with regular imaging for smaller aneurysms. Diagnostic Criteria: Diameter >__cm on imaging. Red Flags: Sudden severe back or abdominal pain (may indicate impending rupture).

    <p>5.5, 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended evaluation for tubal scarring/adhesions in female infertility, especially with a history of PID or appendicitis?

    <p>Hysterosalpingogram</p> Signup and view all the answers

    RNA, PCR, ribavirin, sofo(sbuvir), ledip(asvir), sustained Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Management Demographics: Risk factors include IV drug use, high-risk sexual behavior, blood transfusion before 1992. First-Line: Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs): ____, ____, ____

    <p>Ribavirin, Sofosbuvir, Ledipasvir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which childhood illness causes a bright red, well-demarcated rash on the cheeks known as 'lushed cheeks' appearance?

    <p>Fifth Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypercalcemia Management Demographics: Common in ____ women, patients with ____. First-Line: Surgical removal of parathyroid adenoma if present. Alternatives: Bisphosphonates or ____ if surgery not possible.

    <p>Postmenopausal, fractures, Calcitonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Central Retinal Vascular Occlusion Demographics: More common in the elderly and those with vascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes). First-Line: ____

    <p>Immediate Ophthalmologic Evaluation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myasthenia Gravis Peak incidence: - years old, __ > __ (2:1 ratio). Clinical Presentation: __, __ weakness of muscles:

    <p>20-40, Women, Men, Fatigable, Muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) Weakness ____ with repeated muscle use (opposite of __). Associated with ____ in ~50% of cases.

    <p>Improves, Myasthenia Gravis, Cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Guillain-Barré syndrome Presentation: ____ ascending muscle weakness and ___. Autonomic dysfunction: __ BP, urinary retention, __. Prognosis and Recovery: Most patients recover w/i __ with tx

    <p>Symmetric, Areflexia, Labile, Ileus, Months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Meds that worsen GOUT 1. Thiazide diuretics (e.g., hydrochlorothiazide, ____)

    <p>Chlorthalidone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gynecomastia is a common finding in males during early puberty (ages 13-14, Tanner stage 3-4) Occurs in 50% of males at some point during adolescence Results from relative imbalance between estrogen and testosterone levels Further evaluation is indicated if gynecomastia persists >__ years or past age __. Serum __ is not elevated in physiologic gynecomastia

    <p>2, 17, Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Risk Factors for Renal Cell Carcinoma (in order from greatest to least risk): 1. ____ 2. ____ 3. Hypertension 4. End-stage kidney disease 5. Strong family history of renal cell carcinoma 6. Prior kidney irradiation 7. Occupational exposure to ____ and other toxic compounds

    <p>Smoking, Fat, Asbestos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ____ is a painless separation of the nail from the nail bed. Several or all nails are usually affected - there are many causes.

    <p>Onycholysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ____ is an infection of the nail bed and nail margin, usually from trauma or more commonly, ___.

    <p>Paronychia, Biting Nails</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Common SE is ________.

    <p>side effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of restrictive cardiomyopathy?

    <p>amyloidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common pathogen in acute bacterial sinusitis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    IF LOW ABCD2 risk = -

    <p>0-3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Day 2 = ______% risk of stroke

    <p>1.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of amyloidosis with their descriptions:

    <p>AL (Amyloid Light-Chain) = Associated with plasma cell disorders like MM AA (Amyloid A) = Due to chronic inflammatory conditions (RA, IBD, chronic infections) Familial = Inherited, e.g., transthyretin amyloidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fibromyalgia is more common in men than in women.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Day 7 = ______%

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Day 90 = ______%

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appearance of the posterior pharynx in cobblestoning?

    <p>irregular, bumpy mucosa resembling cobblestones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    IF MED ABCD2 risk = -

    <p>4-5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myxedema coma is characterized by severe ________ leading to hypothermia, hypoventilation, and hypoTN.

    <p>hypothyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Day 2 = ______% risk of stroke

    <p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common foreign body found in the esophagus of children < 5 years old?

    <p>coins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptoms are commonly associated with cecal volvulus?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Day 7 = ______%

    <p>7.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Day 90 = ______%

    <p>10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) typically last more than 4 hours.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    IF HIGH ABCD2 risk = -

    <p>6-7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Day 2 = ______% risk of stroke

    <p>10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Day 7 = ______%

    <p>12.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Day 90 = ______%

    <p>17.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Scarlatina rash is caused by _______

    <p>Group A strep infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What age group is mainly affected by Scarlatina rash?

    <p>5-12 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the characteristics of the rash in Scarlatina.

    <p>Fine, sandpaper-like, starts on neck and spreads to body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main symptom of Scarlet Fever?

    <p>Strawberry tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis primarily affects adults.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis presents with hematuria, edema, and _______

    <p>hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is commonly used to treat hypertension but may result in hyperkalemia in patients with chronic renal disease?

    <p>ACE inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the programming language with its primary usage:

    <p>Python = General-purpose programming JavaScript = Client-side scripting for web applications SQL = Database queries CSS = Styling web pages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ causes peptic ulcers, gastritis, and gastric lymphoma.

    <p>H.Pylori</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What test is used to confirm H.Pylori eradication after treatment?

    <p>Urea breath test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This bluish discoloration is referred to as _____ Sign

    <p>Trendelenburg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For recurrent kidney stones, make these dietary changes: Fluid increase to _____L/day, Low _____ intake, Low _____ intake, Calcium intake should be _____-_____mg/day

    <p>2, sodium, protein, 600, 800</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wet purpura involves blood blisters on _____ membranes, indicating _____ thrombocytopenia and high bleeding risk. Causes may include ____ and ____

    <p>mucous, severe, DIC, TTP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thrombocytopenic ecchymoses present as small, scattered, non-_____ superficial bruises. Causes include thrombocytopenia and _____ function disorders.

    <p>tender, vW</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thrombocytopenia refers to a platelet count below 100,000/uL. Which of the following are potential causes? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Malignancies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment approach for thrombocytopenia to address spontaneous bleeding and surgical bleeding?

    <p>Maintain platelets above 50,000/uL, below 30,000/uL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with the associated condition: Essential Thrombocytosis, Myelofibrosis, Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia, Polycythemia Vera, Acute Myeloid Leukemia

    <p>Increased risk of thrombosis = Essential Thrombocytosis Bone marrow fibrosis = Myelofibrosis Monoclonal gammopathy = Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia Elevated red blood cell count = Polycythemia Vera Blasts on peripheral blood smear = Acute Myeloid Leukemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Down Syndrome, karyotyping typically reveals Trisomy 21.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some key physical features of Turner Syndrome?

    <p>Short stature, webbed neck, wide-spaced nipples, cubital valgus, ovarian dysgenesis, lymphedema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of leukemia are more common in children?

    <p>Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common treatment approach for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia?

    <p>Tyrosine kinase inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hemophilia A is caused by Factor _____ deficiency in an X-linked _____ inheritance pattern.

    <p>VIII, recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Polycystic ovaries on ultrasound are associated with ______ resistance (50-70%)

    <p>insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for cycle regulation and hirsutism in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome?

    <p>OCPs (Oral Contraceptive Pills)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended medication for insulin resistance in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome?

    <p>Metformin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the usual cause of inflammation of the epididymis?

    <p>bacterial infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acute scrotal pain and swelling are common presentations of epididymitis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following compounds to the correct condition:

    <p>Ceftriaxone + doxycycline = STI suspected epididymitis NSAIDs, scrotal elevation = General epididymitis Abscess = Complication of untreated epididymitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What viral infection can lead to epididymitis in post-pubertal males?

    <p>mumps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical presentation of mumps epididymitis?

    <p>Unilateral testicular swelling and pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Left atrial enlargement can cause biphasic P waves in leads I and II with a negative terminal deflection of ___ wave in V__.

    <p>P</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the skin condition causing intensely itchy vesicles on palms, soles, and lateral fingers?

    <p>dyshidrotic eczema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are recommended treatments for absence seizures?

    <p>Klonopin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mastoiditis: Generally treated with IV antibiotics such as _____ or _____, with potential need for ______otomy.

    Signup and view all the answers

    Mastoiditis: Generally treated with IV antibiotics such as _ or _, with potential need for _otomy

    <p>beta, uptake, muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and progressive _-cell dysfunction

    <p>beta-cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does insulin resistance lead to in the body?

    <p>impaired uptake of glucose by the cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are potential long-term complications of type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Retinopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vitamin A toxicity can occur due to excessive intake of vitamin A supplements or megavitamins. Symptoms include , blurred vision, , nausea, and skin changes (-, peeling)

    <p>HA, dryness, liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Addison's disease caused by?

    <p>destruction of the adrenal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are symptoms of Addison's disease?

    <p>Hyperpigmentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gout is caused by the deposition of _ _ crystals in the joints

    <p>monosodium urate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can trigger bronchospasm in patients with asthma when using beta-blockers?

    <p>nonselective beta-blockers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classic finding during palpation of the right upper quadrant in acute cholecystitis?

    <p>Murphy's sign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is thalassemia diagnosed?

    <p>CBC, hemoglobin electrophoresis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a treatment option for hyperthyroidism?

    <p>Antithyroid drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common cause of bacterial sinusitis?

    <p>viral upper respiratory infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is commonly used as first-line treatment for SVT in stable patients?

    <p>vagal maneuvers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Vertebrobasilar TIAs

    • A symptom of vertebrobasilar ischemia is diplopia (double vision) due to the involvement of vestibular pathways.
    • Amaurosis fugax is a symptom of retinal or ophthalmic artery insufficiency, not vertebrobasilar ischemia.

    Anterior Circulation TIAs

    • Hemiparesis, hemisensory deficits, and aphasia are more common in anterior circulation TIAs.

    Raynaud's Phenomenon

    • Treatment: Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs), nifedipine, beta blockers (BBs), and peripheral vasodilators.
    • These medications can worsen Raynaud's symptoms by reducing blood flow.

    Congenital Heart Defects

    • VSD (Ventricular Septal Defect) is the most common congenital heart defect and can cause a holosystolic murmur in neonates.
    • PDA (Patent Ductus Arteriosus) typically presents with a continuous or machinery-like murmur.

    Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA)

    • Demographics: Most common in men over 65, smokers, and those with a family history.
    • Classic presentation: Often asymptomatic; may have back pain, pulsatile abdominal mass, or abdominal pain.
    • Treatment: Surgical repair for aneurysms > 5.5 cm or symptomatic.

    Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Management

    • Demographics: Risk factors include IV drug use, high-risk sexual behavior, and blood transfusion before 1992.
    • Treatment: Antiviral therapy, surgical resection of tumor.

    Uterine Leiomyomata (Fibroids)

    • Symptoms: Severe dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation), menorrhagia (abnormally heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding), and enlarged, irregular uterus on exam.
    • Treatment: NSAIDs, OCPs (oral contraceptive pills), myomectomy, or hysterectomy.

    Cobblestoning of the Posterior Pharynx

    • Appearance: Irregular, bumpy mucosa resembling cobblestones.
    • Etiology: Typically viral (e.g., EBV, adenovirus).
    • Treatment: Supportive care.

    Myxedema Coma

    • Symptoms: Lethargy progressing to stupor/coma, hypoventilation, hypothermia, and macroglossia.
    • Precipitated by infection, cold exposure, sedatives, or other metabolic stressors.
    • Treatment: IV levothyroxine and hydrocortisone.

    Cecal Volvulus

    • Second most common site of volvulus (after sigmoid volvulus).
    • Congenital defect in mesentery resulting in twisting of mobile cecum.
    • Classic imaging findings: Coffee bean or comma-shaped appearance.
    • Risk factors: Age 30-60, increased GI malignancy.

    Sigmoid Volvulus

    • Most common site of volvulus in the gastrointestinal tract.
    • Occurs when sigmoid colon twists on its mesentery, causing obstruction.
    • Risk factors: Age > 60, chronic constipation, and neurological disorders.

    Esophageal Foreign Body in Pediatrics

    • Most common in children < 5 years old.
    • Coins are the most frequent culprit.
    • Diagnosis: X-ray, contrast study if radiolucent object suspected.
    • Treatment: Endoscopic removal if symptomatic or object present > 24 hours.

    TIA

    • Neurologic deficit lasting < 24 hours.
    • Caused by temporary cerebral ischemia.
    • Risk factors: HTN, smoking, DM, dyslipidemia.
    • Diagnosis: Clinical diagnosis, rule out stroke with CT/MRI.
    • Treatment: Antiplatelet therapy, address risk factors, and carotid endarterectomy or stenting if indicated.

    Mycoplasma Pneumoniae PNA

    • Atypical pneumonia, common in young adults.
    • Diagnosis: Chest X-ray, PCR, and CT.
    • Treatment: Antimicrobial therapy, fluoroquinolones (alternative).

    Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) on Face

    • Developing facial lesion, no fluctuance or skin necrosis.
    • Extremely aggressive, no skin invasion.
    • Treatment: Surgical excision, Mohs micrographic surgery for high-risk areas.

    Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS)

    • Life-threatening reaction to antipsychotic medications, common in young adults.
    • Symptoms: Muscle rigidity, hyperthermia, altered mental status.

    Stages of Wound Healing

    • Immediate response: Vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation, clot formation.
    • Inflammation: 0-3 days, macrophages, neutrophils.
    • Proliferation: 3-21 days, fibroblasts, collagen, granulation tissue.
    • Remodeling: 21 days to 1 year, collagen remodeling, tensile strength increases.

    Right Ventricular Heart Failure

    • Manifested by dependent edema and congestion in the lungs.
    • First sign: Shortness of breath with exertion or at rest.

    Diabetes Insipidus (DI)

    • Etiology: Post-surgical complication, often after pituitary surgery.
    • Pathophysiology: Deficiency of ADH leading to excessive urination and thirst.
    • Diagnosis: Clinical presentation, labs, water deprivation test.
    • Treatment: Desmopressin administration.

    IgA Nephropathy

    • Pathophysiology: IgA deposition in glomerular mesangium.
    • Epidemiology: Most common glomerulonephritis worldwide.
    • Often affects children and young adults.
    • Clinical presentation: Hematuria, proteinuria, and gross hematuria following upper respiratory or GI infection.
    • Diagnosis: Renal biopsy, serum IgA levels.
    • Treatment: ACE inhibitors for proteinuria, fish oil (omega-3 fatty acids) may be beneficial.

    Cluster Headache

    • Life-threatening reaction to antipsychotic medications, common in young adults.
    • Treatment: Oxygen therapy.

    Scarlatina Rash

    • Cause: Group A streptococcal infection.
    • Age: Mainly children 5-15 years.
    • Symptoms: Rash, strawberry tongue, and Pastia's lines.

    Scarlet Fever

    • Cause: Group A streptococcal infection.
    • Symptoms: Rash, strawberry tongue, and Pastia's lines.
    • Diagnosis: Clinical, rapid strep test, throat culture.
    • Treatment: Antibiotics.

    Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis

    • Follows Group A streptococcal infection (pharyngitis, impetigo) by 2-4 weeks.
    • Ages 5-12 most commonly affected.
    • Presents with hematuria, edema, hypertension, and oliguria.
    • Diagnosis: Clinical, ASO titer, and C3 levels.
    • Treatment: Supportive care, ACE inhibitors.

    ACE Inhibitors

    • Side effects: Cough, hyperkalemia, angioedema, and teratogenic effects.
    • Contraindications: Bilateral renal artery stenosis, hyperkalemia, and pregnancy.

    Raynaud's Phenomenon

    • Treatment: Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs), nifedipine, beta blockers (BBs), and peripheral vasodilators.
    • These medications can worsen Raynaud's symptoms by reducing blood flow.

    Here are the study notes for the provided text:

    • Dermatology*
    • Petechiae: tiny, red, non-blanching spots, commonly found in dependent areas; causes: thrombocytopenia, capillaritis, infections (e.g., meningococcal fever)
    • Viral conjunctivitis: associated with copious watery discharge and preauricular adenopathy
    • Endocrinology*
    • Adrenal Insufficiency: primary (Addison's disease) vs. secondary (pituitary dysfunction)
    • Monitor for adrenal crisis: hypotension, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia
    • Treatment: glucocorticoid replacement (e.g., hydrocortisone)
    • Cardiology*
    • Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: initial drug of choice is beta-blocker (BB)
    • Heart Failure: NYHA Class IV - unable to carry out physical activity without discomfort
    • Gastroenterology*
    • Hirschsprung's Disease: congenital disorder with absent ganglion cells in distal colon, causing functional obstruction and constipation in infants and children
    • Acute Pancreatitis: severe, epigastric abdominal pain and elevated lipase and amylase levels
    • Hematology*
    • Sickle Cell Anemia: autosomal recessive disorder; if both parents are carriers, there is a 25% chance of having a child with sickle cell anemia
    • Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE): progressive, fatal brain disorder caused by persistent measles infection
    • Nephrology*
    • Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis (PSGN): common cause of acute glomerulonephritis in children; occurs 1-3 weeks after streptococcal infection
    • Infectious Diseases*
    • Pyelonephritis: bacterial infection of the kidney; consider pseudomonas, streptococcus, and klebsiella; treatment: fluoroquinolone (e.g., ciprofloxacin)
    • Malignant Otitis Externa: invasive infection of the external auditory canal, typically caused by pseudomonas aeruginosa
    • Pulmonology*
    • Asthma: exacerbation - acute worsening of symptoms, often triggered by viral infections, allergens, or irritants; treatment: SABA, ipratropium bromide, and prednisone
    • Other*
    • Vitamin D Deficiency: characterized by low levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D; risk factors: limited sun exposure, dark skin pigmentation, malabsorption disorders, and obesity
    • Cushing's Syndrome: excess glucocorticoid levels; causes: pituitary adenoma, adrenal tumors, and ectopic ACTH secretion### Cardiology
    • Tx: ACE inhibitor + β-blocker + diuretic + spironolactone for symptomatic relief, and CRT or ICD for select patients
    • Cardiac tamponade: consider immediate pericardiocentesis
    • chylothorax: associated with thoracic duct rupture, not spontaneous pneumothorax
    • Vertebrobasilar TIAs: symptoms include vertigo, ischemia, aphasia, unilateral, and carotid transient ischemic attack
    • Raynaud's phenomenon: first-line treatment includes calcium channel blockers, such as nifedipine

    Pulmonology

    • Asthma exacerbation: treatment includes beta-agonists, ipratropium, magnesium, epinephrine, and steroids
    • COPD: treatment includes bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors

    Gastroenterology

    • Hepatitis C: treatment includes direct-acting antivirals, such as sofosbuvir and ledipasvir
    • Hypercalcemia: treatment includes surgical removal of parathyroid adenoma and bisphosphonates

    Nephrology

    • Nephrotic syndrome: characterized by heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema
    • Nephritic syndrome: characterized by hematuria, proteinuria, hypertension, and edema
    • Key differences between nephrotic and nephritic syndromes:
      • Onset: nephrotic is gradual, nephritic is rapid
      • Proteinuria: nephrotic has heavy proteinuria, nephritic has less
      • Hematuria: more common in nephritic syndrome
      • Edema: severe and generalized in nephrotic syndrome
      • Hypertension: more common and severe in nephritic syndrome
      • Renal function: nephritic syndrome often causes acute kidney injury
      • Complement levels: decreased in nephritic syndrome
      • Lipid abnormalities: hyperlipidemia in nephrotic syndrome

    Neurology

    • Myasthenia gravis: autoimmune disorder affecting the neuromuscular junction, treatment includes acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and immunosuppressants
    • Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome: autoimmune disorder affecting the presynaptic neuromuscular junction, treatment includes 3,4-diaminopyridine, immunosuppressants, and cancer screening
    • Guillain-Barré syndrome: acute inflammatory demyelinating syndrome, treatment includes supportive care, plasmapheresis, and pain control

    Oncology

    • Renal cell carcinoma: risk factors include smoking, obesity, asbestos, and hypertension, diagnosis includes abdominal CT and biopsy, treatment includes nephrectomy and adjuvant therapy

    Pediatrics

    • Gynecomastia: common finding in males during early puberty, results from relative imbalance between estrogen and testosterone levels
    • Hematuria: present in nephritic syndromes, typically seen in hypertension, and vasculitis
    • Cholelithiasis: associated with pancreatitis, particularly in children with cystic fibrosis

    Infectious Diseases

    • Toxoplasmosis: parasitic infection, common in AIDS, causing ring-enhancing brain lesions
    • Rubeola (measles): acute illness, symptoms include fever, conjunctivitis, Koplik spots, and maculopapular rashHere are the study notes:

    Childhood Viral Exanthems

    • Rubeola (Measles):
      • Prodrome of fever, cough, coryza, and conjunctivitis (3 Cs)
      • Koplik spots on buccal mucosa appear 2-4 days before rash onset
      • Maculopapular rash begins on face and spreads downward, becoming confluent
      • Contagious from 4 days before to 4 days after rash onset
    • Roseola (Exanthem Subitum):
      • Primarily affects infants and young children (6 months to 3 years old)
      • High fever (>39.5°C or 103°F) for 3-5 days, followed by defervescence
      • Maculopapular rash appears as fever subsides, starting on trunk and spreading to extremities
      • Rash typically lasts 1-2 days
      • Caused by human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6)
    • Rubella (German Measles):
      • Mild prodrome (low-grade fever, malaise, lymphadenopathy) 1-5 days before rash onset
      • Maculopapular rash begins on face and spreads downward, lasting 3 days
      • Rash is less confluent and fades more quickly than measles rash
      • Cervical and suboccipital lymphadenopathy is a characteristic finding
      • Congenital rubella syndrome can occur if infection during pregnancy
    • Erythema Infectiosum (Fifth Disease):
      • Caused by parvovirus B19
      • "Slapped cheek" appearance: bright red, well-demarcated rash on cheeks
      • Lacy, reticular rash on arms and legs follows the facial rash
      • Rash may wax and wane for several weeks, exacerbated by heat, stress, or exercise
      • Mild prodromal symptoms (low-grade fever, malaise) may occur 1-2 weeks before rash onset

    Thrombocytopenia

    • Causes:
      • Pregnancy
      • Hepatitis B & C
      • HIV
      • Chronic liver disease
      • Malignancies
      • Medications
    • Symptoms:
      • Spontaneous bleeding: usually occurs when platelets are below 10,000/uL
      • Surgical bleeding: typically happens when platelets are below 50,000/uL
    • Treatment:
      • Address the underlying cause
      • Maintain platelets above 20,000/uL

    Neurology

    • Parkinsonian symptoms:
      • Akinesia
      • Bradykinesia
      • Cogwheel rigidity
      • Mask-like facial expression
      • Tremor
    • Drug-induced Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS) and Tardive Dyskinesia (TD)
      • EPS: acute, dystonic reactions, typically seen in patients on typical antipsychotics
      • TD: chronic, involuntary movements, often develops after prolonged exposure to antipsychotics
      • Treatment: reduce antipsychotic dose or switch to atypical antipsychotics; add anticholinergic medications or dopamine-depleting agents

    Hematology

    • Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (MPN):
      • Essential Thrombocytosis (ET):
        • Elevated platelet count
        • JAK2 mutation
        • Increased risk of thrombosis
        • Hemorrhagic complications
      • Myelofibrosis (MF):
        • Bone marrow fibrosis
        • JAK2 mutation
        • Anemia
        • Extramedullary hematopoiesis
    • Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML):
      • Blast cells in peripheral blood smear
      • Auer rods
      • p53 mutation
      • Cytogenetic abnormalities (e.g., t(8;21), inv(16))
      • Leukocytopenia
    • Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL):
      • Lymphocytosis
      • CD5+, CD19+, CD20+, CD23+ cells
      • Hypogammaglobulinemia
      • Lymphadenopathy
    • Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML):
      • Chronic phase, accelerated phase, blast crisis
      • Philadelphia chromosome (Ph+)
      • BCR-ABL fusion gene
      • Splenomegaly
      • Low WBCs with left shift
    • Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP):
      • Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA)
      • Thrombocytopenia
      • Neurological symptoms
      • Renal failure

    Inherited Bleeding Disorders

    • Hemophilia A:
      • Factor VIII deficiency
      • X-linked recessive inheritance
      • Bleeding symptoms: joint and muscle bleeding
      • Treatment: factor replacement therapy
    • Hemophilia B:
      • Factor IX deficiency
      • X-linked recessive inheritance
      • Bleeding symptoms: joint and muscle bleeding
      • Treatment: factor replacement therapy
    • von Willebrand Disease (vWD):
      • Caused by mutations in the VWF gene
      • Autosomal dominant or recessive inheritance
      • Bleeding symptoms: mucosal bleeding, easy bruising
      • Treatment: desmopressin, VWF concentrate replacement therapy

    Infections

    • Blastomycosis:
      • Often presents with flu-like symptoms, which may delay diagnosis
      • Typically found in the Midwest and South
      • Disseminated disease may involve skin, bones, and CNS
      • Identification of Blastomyces dermatitidis in culture or tissue biopsy
      • Treatment: itraconazole or amphotericin B therapy
    • Type III Allergic Reaction:
      • Immune complex-mediated
      • Symptoms: arthralgia, fever, rash, and lymphadenopathy
      • Timing: 3-10 days after exposure
      • Cause: medications, infections, and vaccines

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    Description

    This quiz covers the symptoms and treatment of Transient Ischaemic Attacks (TIAs) and Raynaud's phenomenon, including vertebrobasilar and anterior circulation TIAs.

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