Sympathetic Ganglion Overview

Questions and Answers

What is the primary reason for the different effects observed in organs from sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation?

Different muscle types innervated

Differing nerve pathways for signal transmission

Varied blood supply to organs

Different neurotransmitters and receptor types (correct)

Which of the following pairs correctly identifies the effect of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems on the heart?

Both decrease heart rate and force

Both increase heart rate and force

Parasympathetic decreases heart rate; sympathetic increases heart rate and force (correct)

Parasympathetic leads to increased heart rate; sympathetic decreases heart force

What is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the gastrointestinal tract?

No effect on gastrointestinal function

No effect on peristalsis but increases secretion

Decreases peristalsis and inhibits secretion (correct)

Increases peristalsis and secretion

How does the sympathetic nervous system affect blood vessels, excluding skeletal muscle?

Constricts most blood vessels and increases blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes the effects of the parasympathetic division on salivary gland secretion?

Stimulates production of both watery and mucous secretion Signup and view all the answers

Which adrenergic receptor subtype is primarily responsible for stimulating the heart?

β1 Signup and view all the answers

Which subtype of adrenergic receptor is primarily associated with smooth muscle relaxation?

β2 Signup and view all the answers

Which adrenergic receptor subtype is found on presynaptic adrenergic nerve terminals?

α2 Signup and view all the answers

Which adrenergic receptor subtype is predominantly expressed in lipocytes?

β3 Signup and view all the answers

Which adrenergic receptor subtype is NOT primarily involved in central nervous system functions?

β1 Signup and view all the answers

What role do neurotransmitters play in neural communication?

They traverse the synaptic gaps and bind to receptor sites. Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is predominantly associated with the somatic nervous system?

Acetylcholine (ACh) Signup and view all the answers

In the autonomic nervous system, which neurotransmitter is involved in sweat gland regulation?

Acetylcholine (ACh) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is released by the autonomic nervous system to affect heart rate in the sympathetic division?

Norepinephrine (NE) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the location and arrangement of prevertebral ganglia?

They are located anterior to the vertebral column. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary target for acetylcholine (ACh) in the parasympathetic nervous system?

Cardiac muscle Signup and view all the answers

What function is typically associated with postganglionic fibers that travel along blood vessels?

They supply visceral organs. Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is associated with innervation of the ciliary body and iris smooth muscle?

Occulomotor nerve (III) Signup and view all the answers

What neurotransmitter is primarily released by postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division?

Acetylcholine Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is specifically mentioned as not being segmentally arranged?

Collateral ganglia Signup and view all the answers

What regions do the preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division originate from?

Brain stem and lateral horn of the spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the splanchnic nerves that emerge from S2-S4?

They innervate organs in the lower half of the large intestine and pelvic region. Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for innervating the parotid gland?

Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cholinergic receptor demonstrates a strong affinity to nicotine?

Nicotinic receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of M2 muscarinic receptors?

Regulating cardiac function Signup and view all the answers

Where are M3 muscarinic receptors primarily located?

Exocrine glands and vascular endothelium Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes muscarinic receptors from nicotinic receptors in terms of affinity to muscarine?

Muscarinic receptors have strong affinity; nicotinic receptors have weak affinity. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about peripheral cholinergic receptors is correct?

They are responsible for sweat gland function. Signup and view all the answers

Which receptor type is associated with the autonomic ganglia and has strong affinity?

Nicotinic receptors Signup and view all the answers

Which receptor has a presynaptic function within the CNS?

M1 muscarinic receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between the binding affinities of muscarinic and nicotinic receptors?

Nicotinic receptors bind weakly to muscarine and strongly to nicotine. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The Sympathetic Ganglion

Paravertebral ganglia are located parallel to the spinal cord, connected to spinal nerves via grey and white rami.
Prevertebral ganglia are unpaired, anterior to the vertebral column, and found only in the abdomen and pelvis; also known as collateral ganglia.
Postganglionic fibers are categorized into three types: those entering spinal nerve through grey ramus, those traveling along blood vessels to innervate head and neck, and fibers from collateral ganglia innervating visceral organs.

Parasympathetic Division

Preganglionic neurons originate from the brainstem and lateral horn of the spinal cord (S2-S4).
Effected through cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X and sacral nerves, synapsing in terminal ganglia, where they release acetylcholine (Ach).
Postganglionic neurons also release Ach after a short distance from terminal ganglia.

Cranial Outflow

Oculomotor nerve (III) originates in the midbrain, synapsing in the ciliary ganglion, targeting the iris and ciliary body.
Facial nerve (VII) fibers arise in the pons, synapsing in pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglia to innervate lacrimal, salivary, and mucous glands.
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) arises from the medulla oblongata, synapsing in the otic ganglion, with the target organ being the parotid gland.
Vagus nerve (X) comes from the medulla and synapses in various terminal ganglia, innervating the heart, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, liver, and pancreas.

Sacral Outflow

Sacral outflow emerges from S2-S4, forming splanchnic nerves.
Responsible for innervation of the lower half of the large intestine, rectum, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs.

Dual Innervations of ANS

The autonomic nervous system consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, which often innervate the same organs but produce opposing effects.
Different neurotransmitters and receptor types explain the variances in physiological responses.

Neurotransmitter Overview

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that traverse synaptic gaps between neurons to initiate responses in target cells.
Sympathetic neurotransmitters include acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine (NE) with different effects on target organs.
The parasympathetic system predominantly uses ACh at both preganglionic and postganglionic synapses.

Cholinergic Receptors

Muscarinic receptors have a strong affinity to muscarine and are located on parasympathetic effectors, such as exocrine glands and smooth muscles.
Nicotinic receptors are found at autonomic ganglia and neuromuscular junctions with a strong affinity to nicotine.

Adrenergic Receptors

Divided into alpha (α) and beta (β) subtypes, alpha receptors (α1, α2) are primarily found in smooth muscles and presynaptic terminals.
Beta receptors (β1, β2, β3) function in various organs: β1 mainly in the heart, β2 in smooth muscles, and β3 in adipocytes.

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Description

Explore the structure and function of sympathetic ganglia, including paravertebral and prevertebral types. This quiz covers key features, connections, and the role of postganglionic neurons in the autonomic nervous system. Test your knowledge and understanding of this crucial topic in anatomy and physiology.