Questions and Answers
What is the primary cause of impingement syndrome during arm elevation?
Which stage of tendinitis indicates irreversible changes?
What is a common characteristic of Stage I tendinitis?
What is the impact of degeneration of nerve fibrils in the context of shoulder injuries?
Signup and view all the answers
Increased stress concentration at the tendon insertion point relates to which theory regarding rotator cuff injuries?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the typical clinical sign observed in Stage II tendinitis?
Signup and view all the answers
How many strokes per week do male swimmers typically perform that could contribute to shoulder injuries?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common treatment strategy for Stage I tendinitis?
Signup and view all the answers
What describes the relationship between scapular motion and glenohumeral joint stability during shoulder abduction kinematics?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following contributes to shoulder instability?
Signup and view all the answers
In the context of rotator cuff mechanics, what usually occurs during internal impingement?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common feature of impingement syndrome?
Signup and view all the answers
During which stage of tendinitis is muscle fatigue and imbalance most likely to contribute to symptoms?
Signup and view all the answers
Which characteristics define the tonic system in muscle mechanics?
Signup and view all the answers
Which muscles are primarily involved in resisting normal upward scapular rotation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following muscles is typically prone to weakness and is a part of the tonic system?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition is indicated by tightness of the pectoralis minor?
Signup and view all the answers
Which test is used to assess supraspinatus function?
Signup and view all the answers
Which muscle is less likely to atrophy and is involved in shoulder stability?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a notable test for assessing subscapularis function?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of muscles are typically considered phasic system muscles?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the normal range for acromion distance that can indicate issues?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Swimming Training Loads
- Swimming practice ranges between 8,000 to 12,000 meters per training session.
- Swimmers typically practice 2 times a day for 5 to 7 days a week.
- Male swimmers complete an average of 9,900 strokes per shoulder each week.
- Female swimmers complete approximately 16,500 strokes per shoulder weekly.
Shoulder Impingement Syndrome
- Impingement syndrome involves compression of the rotator cuff, subacromial bursae, and biceps tendon.
- This compression occurs against the acromion's undersurface and coracoacromial ligament during arm elevation.
Theories of Shoulder Impingement
- Vascular Theory: Head of humerus compresses blood vessels, leading to cell death in critical zones.
- Mechanical Theory: Tendons with degenerative changes rupture under lower loads due to stress concentrations.
- Neurological Theory: Degeneration in nerve fibrils results in loss of proprioceptive feedback, reducing protection against sudden forces.
Stages of Shoulder Impingement
- Stage I: Edema and inflammation, typically occurs in individuals under 25 years. Lesions are reversible.
- Stage II: Fibrosis and tendinitis manifest between ages 25-40. Modifications in activity can reverse this phase.
- Stage III: Development of bone spurs and tendon ruptures in individuals over 40 years. Irreversible damage occurs.
Clinical Signs and Motion Patterns
- Stage I includes tenderness and active range of motion (ROM) limitations.
- Stage II exhibits soft tissue crepitus with active and passive motion being affected.
- Stage III shows atrophy of muscles and significant limitations in inferior glenohumeral motion.
Scapular and Glenohumeral Joint Dynamics
- Increased scapular internal rotation and decreased anterior bony stability can lead to posterior cuff impingement.
- Muscle fatigue and tightness contribute to shoulder instability.
Muscle System Categorization
- Tonic System: Older phylogenetically, includes flexor or postural muscles prone to tightness and contractures.
- Phasic System: Younger phylogenetically, includes extensor muscles which tend to be weaker and more fragile.
Muscle Tightness and Weakness
- Tonic system includes muscles such as suboccipitals, pectorals, and upper trapezius.
- Phasic system includes middle/lower trapezius, rhomboids, and deep cervical flexors.
Shoulder Mechanics
- Pectoralis minor restricts normal upward scapular rotation and limits external rotation.
- Weakness in muscles like the serratus anterior, rhomboids, or trapezius can contribute to shoulder dysfunction.
Assessment Tests for Shoulder Impingement
- Neer’s Test: Assesses for impingement during elevation.
- Hawkins-Kennedy Test: Evaluates impingement through internal rotation.
- Supraspinatus Tests: Includes Drop-arm and Empty-Can tests.
ACL Reconstruction Management
- The current evidence focused on patient management after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is essential for effective rehabilitation.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
This quiz explores the rigorous training techniques in competitive swimming, focusing on the repetitive nature of strokes. It covers the volume of practice required per week for both male and female swimmers, as well as key concepts such as shoulder mechanics. Test your knowledge on how these factors influence swimming performance.
