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Questions and Answers

Which of the following are considered symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder? (Select all that apply)

  • Loss of interest or pleasure (anhedonia). (correct)
  • Clinical depressions attack children, adolescents, and adults. (correct)
  • Sleep disturbances and thoughts of suicide are common. (correct)
  • Unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks.
  • Can hardly even image enjoying something. (correct)
  • Feel sad and helpless most of the day, every day, for weeks at a time. (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT considered a causal factor for depression?

  • The effect of a gene varies with the environment.
  • Heritability.
  • Unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks. (correct)
  • One or more genes linked to depression.
  • Not one gene due to a combining of separate syndromes.

    • What is the name of the naturally occurring enzyme that becomes too active and excessively degrades neurotransmitters in the Monoamine Theory of Depression?

    Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)

    Which of the following is considered a side effect associated with Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)?

    <p>Nausea, gastrointestinal upset, sweating, anxiety, insomnia, headache, restlessness, and sexual dysfunction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medication is considered a first-line agent for the treatment of bipolar depression?

    <p>Lamotrigine. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term "schizophrenia" means "split mind".

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a positive symptom of Schizophrenia?

    <p>Avolition (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The dopamine theory of schizophrenia suggests that the disorder is caused by an excess of dopamine activity in the brain, which is related to the limbic system and reticular systems.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is a first-generation antipsychotic?

    <p>Chlorpromazine. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions.

    <p>Agoraphobia = A persistent and excessive worry about various domains, including work and school performance, that the individual finds difficult to control. Generalized Anxiety Disorder = Fearful and anxious about two or more of the following: using public transportation; being in open spaces; being in enclosed places; standing in line or being in a crowd; or being outside of the home alone in other situations. Panic Disorder = Recurrent unexpected panic attacks and is persistently concerned or worried about having more panic attacks or changes his or her behavior in maladaptive ways because of the panic attacks. Specific Phobia = Fearful or anxious about or avoidant of circumscribed objects or situations. Social Phobia = Fearful or anxious about or avoidant of social interactions and situations that involve the possibility of being scrutinized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Major Depressive Disorder

    A mood disorder characterized by persistent sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest.

    Reactive Depression

    Depression triggered by a specific stressful event, such as loss.

    Endogenous Depression

    Depression that seems to originate from within, without a clear external cause.

    Dysthymia

    A persistent depressive disorder lasting at least two years.

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    Depression Prevalence

    About 10% of people will experience clinical depression in their lifetime; more common in women during reproductive years.

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    Depression Causal Factor: Genetics

    Genetics play a role in depression, but are not the sole factor.

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    Monoamine Theory of Depression

    Suggests depression is linked to lower activity of neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine.

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    Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)

    Antidepressants that prevent the breakdown of neurotransmitters.

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    Tricyclic Antidepressants

    Older antidepressants with various side effects due to impacting multiple receptors.

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    Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

    Newer antidepressants that primarily target serotonin.

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    Atypical Antidepressants

    Antidepressants with unique mechanisms of action.

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    Bipolar Disorder

    A mood disorder characterized by extreme shifts in mood, from depression to mania.

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    Bipolar I Disorder

    Bipolar disorder with manic episodes.

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    Bipolar II Disorder

    Bipolar disorder with hypomanic, not full manic, episodes.

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    Mania

    Elevated mood, energy, and activity levels.

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    Hypomania

    Less extreme form of mania.

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    Lithium

    Drug used to stabilize mood in bipolar disorder.

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    Anticonvulsants

    Drugs used to treat seizures that can also help stabilize mood in bipolar disorder.

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    Schizophrenia

    A severe mental disorder characterized by disturbed thinking, emotions, and perceptions.

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    Positive Symptoms (Schizophrenia)

    Symptoms that represent an excess or distortion of normal functions.

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    Negative Symptoms (Schizophrenia)

    Symptoms that represent a decrease or loss in normal functions.

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    Delusions

    Fixed false beliefs that are not based in reality.

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    Hallucinations

    Sensory experiences that occur without external stimuli.

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    Disorganized Speech

    Rambling or nonsensical speech patterns.

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    Disorganized Behavior

    Inappropriate or unusual motor behaviors.

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    Alogia

    Reduced speech output.

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    Anhedonia

    Inability to experience pleasure.

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    Study Notes

    Depressive Disorders

    • Depression is a normal reaction to significant loss, such as the loss of a loved one, self-esteem, or health.
    • Clinical depression is characterized by persistent sadness or hopelessness, often unrelated to external events. It can range from mild chronic unhappiness to intense feelings of hopelessness and negative self-perception.
    • Reactive depression is triggered by an identifiable external event.
    • Endogenous depression has no apparent external cause.

    Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

    • Five or more symptoms are present during a 2-week period, representing a change from previous functioning.
    • Symptoms include depressed mood, loss of interest/pleasure (anhedonia).
    • MDD affects people of all ages.
    • The disorder is often comorbid with other conditions, like anxiety disorders, heart disease, and diabetes.
    • Mood fluctuations, energy levels, and daily activities are often impaired.

    Dysthymia

    • A chronic form of depression lasting for at least two years.
    • Involves a low-grade, persistent depressed mood that does not meet the criteria for major depressive disorder.

    Depression: Prevalence

    • Lifetime risk of clinical depression is approximately 10%.
    • More prevalent in women, especially during reproductive years, but similar rates appear later in life.
    • Risk of completed suicide is estimated at 4-15% in people with clinical depression.
    • Early episodes tend to be longer, while later ones are shorter but more frequent.

    Causal Factors: Genetics

    • Genetic factors may contribute to depression, but not solely.
    • Multiple genes and interactions with other conditions are implicated (e.g., differences between Chinese and European gene patterns).

    Brain & Depression

    • Gray matter loss is sometimes observed in parts of the brain, such as the medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala.
    • There are also changes in white matter, particularly in the frontal cortex.
    • Amygdala activity may be elevated when presented with negative emotional stimuli.

    Theories

    Monoamine Theory of Depression

    • Depression may result from decreased activity at serotonergic and noradrenergic synapses in the brain.
    • Neurotransmitter depletion can lead to depression, and abnormal neurotransmitter release, uptake, and reuptake are also involved.

    Neuroplasticity Theory of Depression

    • Depression may result from a reduction in neuroplastic processes in brain structures.
    • This reduction is implicated in cognitive deficits and neural pathologies.

    Antidepressant Drugs

    • Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs): Increase monoamine levels, though can have side effects such as the "cheese effect"
    • Tricyclic Antidepressants: "Dirty" drugs, meaning they affect multiple receptors and have a range of side effects.
    • Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) and Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs): Newer classes with fewer side effects than tricyclics but can affect different receptors resulting in more complicated side effects.
    • Other Treatments (ECT, light therapy, rTMS).

    Bipolar Disorder

    • Bipolar disorder is characterized by extreme shifts between manic and depressive episodes.
    • Major symptoms, like rapid speech, inflated self-esteem, excessive energy, are common.
    • Episodes can happen at different frequencies and durations for each person.
    • There are different types of Bipolar Disorder.

    Anxiety Disorders

    • Anxiety disorders involve excessive fear or anxiety, affecting daily activities
    • Chronic persistent anxiety that is not related to identifiable stressors.
    • More common than depression; more frequent in women than men.
    • Some types of anxiety disorders include Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), panic disorder, phobias, and others.

    Schizophrenia

    • Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder affecting thought, emotion, and behavior.
    • Characterized by "split" between emotion, intellect, and reality.
    • Marked by positive symptoms (delusions, hallucinations) and negative symptoms (diminished emotional expression, reduced speech.)
    • Multiple overlapping symptoms are common.
    • Often starts in late adolescence or early adulthood.

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