Sustainable Development Goals Overview
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Questions and Answers

What are autotrophs primarily known for?

  • Producing food through photosynthesis (correct)
  • Breaking down dead organic matter
  • Consuming other organisms
  • Living in extreme environments

Primary consumers can be carnivores.

False (B)

What role do decomposers play in an ecosystem?

They recycle nutrients by breaking down dead and decaying organic matter.

What defines gross productivity in an aquatic ecosystem?

<p>Total oxygen produced by photosynthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The non-living components of an ecosystem are known as ______.

<p>abiotic components</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following consumer types with their description:

<p>Primary consumers = Herbivores that feed on producers Secondary consumers = Carnivores or omnivores that eat primary consumers Tertiary consumers = Carnivores or omnivores that eat secondary consumers Quaternary consumers = Organisms that prey on tertiary consumers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chlorophyll amounts are greater in aquatic plants than in land plants.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the climax community?

<p>The community that achieves equilibrium in an ecosystem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered an abiotic component?

<p>Fungi (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Energy can be created or destroyed according to the first law of thermodynamics.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

_____ succession begins in lifeless areas without soil.

<p>Primary</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the function of an ecosystem in terms of nutrient cycling.

<p>An ecosystem is responsible for the cycling of nutrients between biotic and abiotic components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of ecological succession with its description:

<p>Primary Succession = Succession in lifeless areas Secondary Succession = Recolonization after destruction Cyclic Succession = Change occurring cyclically Climax Community = Stable end point of succession</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes secondary succession?

<p>It happens after a climax community is destroyed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cyclic succession refers to random changes in an ecosystem.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one characteristic of coniferous forests.

<p>Consist mostly of conifers with needles instead of leaves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the second law of thermodynamics?

<p>As energy is transferred, more of it is wasted (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pyramid of numbers considers the mass of organisms at each trophic level.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of producers in an ecosystem?

<p>To produce chemical energy through photosynthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a food chain, the initial link is a _____ which produces chemical energy.

<p>green plant</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feeding group consists of organisms that consume herbivores?

<p>Secondary consumers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of food chains with their descriptions:

<p>Grazing food chain = Energy flows from producers to herbivores, then to carnivores Saprophytic food chain = Begins with dead organic matter and includes decomposers Parasitic food chain = Involves exploitation of one organism by another Detritus food chain = Another name for saprophytic food chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ecological pyramid indicates that energy decreases as you move from one trophic level to the next.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limits the number of steps in any food chain?

<p>The amount of energy available decreases as it moves up the trophic levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are common conifers?

<p>Spruce (B), Pine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Conifers are typically found in warm and humid climates.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of forest is characterized by trees that shed their leaves during dry seasons?

<p>Deciduous forest</p> Signup and view all the answers

Evergreen forests can be found in the Western Ghats, Northeastern Himalayas, and in the ________ Islands.

<p>Andaman and Nicobar</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic helps conifers survive in cold environments?

<p>Needles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mangrove forests grow exclusively in freshwater environments.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one adaptation of xerophytes that helps them conserve water.

<p>Thick, waxy leaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of forest to its characteristic feature:

<p>Evergreen Forest = Trees stay green all year Deciduous Forest = Trees shed leaves Mangrove Forest = Grows in saline water</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the pyramid of biomass indicate?

<p>The total weight or bulk of organisms at a trophic level (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pyramid of energy always decreases as you move from the producer level to higher trophic levels.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is carbon dioxide assimilation?

<p>The process by which living organisms convert carbon dioxide into organic compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _____ method involves removing vegetation periodically to measure primary production.

<p>harvest</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following methods of measuring primary production with their descriptions:

<p>Harvest Method = Removal of vegetation and weighing material Carbon Dioxide Assimilation = Conversion of carbon dioxide into organic compounds Oxygen Production Method = Using light and dark bottles to measure oxygen Net Productivity = Difference between oxygen produced and consumed</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Oxygen Production Method, what is placed in the two bottles?

<p>Water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The presence of many organisms feeding on one dead plant or animal signifies an upright pyramid of numbers.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of producers in the food chain?

<p>Producers convert sunlight into energy through photosynthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of Sustainable Development Goal 1?

<p>End poverty in all its forms everywhere (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem are unrelated.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Sustainable Development Goal 13 emphasize?

<p>Urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

An ecosystem consists of both ________ and ________ components.

<p>biotic, abiotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Sustainable Development Goals with their descriptions:

<p>SDG 4 = Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education for all SDG 6 = Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation SDG 11 = Make cities and human settlements inclusive and sustainable SDG 15 = Protect and restore terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Sustainable Development Goal focuses on gender equality?

<p>Goal 5 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

SDG 12 promotes sustainable consumption and production patterns.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the structure of an ecosystem?

<p>The organization of biotic and abiotic components and the distribution of energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Biotic Components

Living organisms in an ecosystem, categorized by their nutrition.

Producers

Organisms that produce their own food using energy from sunlight, like plants.

Consumers

Organisms that rely on other organisms for food, further classified into primary, secondary, and tertiary.

Primary Consumers

Herbivores that eat producers, like rabbits and deer.

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Secondary Consumers

Carnivores or omnivores that eat primary consumers, like foxes and bears.

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Tertiary Consumers

Carnivores or omnivores that eat secondary consumers, like lions and sharks.

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Decomposers

Organisms like fungi and bacteria that decompose dead organic matter, recycling nutrients back into the ecosystem.

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Abiotic Components

Non-living components of an ecosystem, such as air, water, and sunlight.

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Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

A set of goals adopted by the United Nations in 2015 to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all by 2030. They address global challenges such as poverty, hunger, inequality, climate change, and environmental degradation.

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Ecosystem

The interconnected web of living organisms (biotic) and their non-living environment (abiotic) interacting within a specific area.

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Energy Flow

The flow of energy within an ecosystem, from producers (plants) to consumers (animals) and decomposers (bacteria and fungi).

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Nutrient Cycling

The process by which nutrients cycle through different parts of an ecosystem, such as the movement of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus.

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Open System

An ecosystem is an open system, meaning it can exchange energy and matter with its surroundings.

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Ecosystem Structure

The arrangement and distribution of living organisms within an ecosystem, including their interactions and relationships.

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Food web

A graphic representation of feeding relationships within an ecological community, showing how organisms interact through consumption.

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Food chain

The process of energy and nutrients being passed along a series of organisms, each consuming the one before it.

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Ecological pyramid

A visual representation of how energy flows through an ecosystem, showing the number of organisms at each trophic level.

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Trophic level

A group of organisms that occupy the same position in a food web.

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Grazing food chain

A food chain where energy flows from the producers to herbivores, then to carnivores.

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Detritus food chain

A food chain where decomposers feed on dead organic matter.

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Parasitic food chain

A food chain where a smaller organism benefits by feeding on a bigger one.

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Pyramid of numbers

A type of ecological pyramid where the number of organisms at each trophic level is represented.

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Gross Productivity

The total amount of oxygen produced by photosynthesis, measured by the difference in dissolved oxygen over time between light and dark conditions.

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Assimilation Ratio

The relationship between the total amount of chlorophyll and the rate of photosynthesis.

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Ecological Succession

A gradual and predictable change in the species of a given area over time, driven by changes in the environment.

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Primary Succession

Ecological succession that begins in a lifeless area without existing soil, like a newly formed volcanic island.

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Secondary Succession

Ecological succession that occurs in a previously existing ecosystem that has been disturbed, like a forest after a fire.

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Cyclic Succession

A type of succession that involves cyclical changes in the structure of an ecosystem, often triggered by seasonal factors like the emergence of dormant plants.

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Coniferous Forest

A type of forest dominated by conifers, trees with needles and cones, like pine and spruce.

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Climax Community

The final, stable community in an ecological succession, characterized by a balance between species and the environment.

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Pyramid of Biomass

A graphical representation showing the total biomass (weight) of organisms at each trophic level in an ecosystem.

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Pyramid of Energy

A graphical representation showing the flow of energy through different trophic levels in an ecosystem.

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Harvest Method

A method used to estimate primary productivity by measuring the amount of plant material produced over a period of time.

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Carbon Assimilation

The process by which living organisms convert carbon dioxide into organic compounds, like glucose.

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Oxygen Production Method

A technique used to measure primary productivity in aquatic ecosystems by measuring the amount of oxygen produced by photosynthesis.

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Net Productivity

The difference in dissolved oxygen between light and dark bottles over time, representing the net oxygen production by photosynthesis.

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What are coniferous forests?

Coniferous forests are characterized by trees with needle-like leaves that remain green throughout the year, making them evergreen. These trees thrive in cold or dry environments and can be found in regions like the northern boreal forests.

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How does rainfall vary in coniferous forests?

Coniferous forests receive different amounts of precipitation depending on their location. While boreal forests experience long, cold winters with limited precipitation, temperate coniferous forests can receive significant rainfall, especially in the summer months.

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What are broadleaved forests?

Broadleaved forests are a category of forests with trees that have wide, flat leaves. This category includes evergreen forests, deciduous forests, and mangrove forests, each with unique characteristics.

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What are evergreen forests?

Evergreen forests are characterized by trees that remain green all year round. These forests often occur in areas with long monsoon seasons, providing consistent moisture for the trees to stay leafy.

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What are deciduous forests?

Deciduous forests are characterized by trees that shed their leaves during specific seasons, typically winter, due to a lack of moisture or cold temperatures. They are found in regions with moderate rainfall.

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What are mangrove forests?

Mangrove forests are unique ecosystems found in coastal areas and river deltas, where trees grow in a mixture of freshwater and saltwater. These trees have adapted to survive in these challenging conditions.

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How do mangrove trees adapt to their environment?

Mangrove trees have developed breathing roots to access oxygen in the waterlogged soil conditions they live in. These adaptations allow them to thrive in environments where others struggle.

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What are the adaptations of trees in thorn forests?

Thorn forests are found in semi-arid regions with limited rainfall. The trees in these forests have evolved adaptations like thick, waxy leaves, long fibrous roots, and thorns to conserve water and protect themselves.

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Study Notes

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

  • End poverty in all its forms everywhere.
  • End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture.
  • Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.
  • Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.
  • Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.
  • Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.
  • Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all.
  • Promote sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all.
  • Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation.
  • Reduce inequality within and among countries.
  • Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable.
  • Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns.
  • Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.
  • Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources for sustainable development.
  • Protect, restore, and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and biodiversity loss.
  • Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all, and build effective, accountable, and inclusive institutions at all levels.
  • Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development.

Meaning of Ecosystem

  • An ecosystem is a structural and functional unit of ecology where living organisms interact with each other and the surrounding environment.
  • It's a chain of interactions between organisms and their environment.

Structure of the Ecosystem

  • The structure is characterized by the organization of both biotic and abiotic components.
  • It includes the distribution of energy and climatic conditions in the environment.
  • Ecosystems can be split into biotic and abiotic components.

Biotic Components

  • Biotic components are all living components in an ecosystem.
  • Based on nutrition, they can be categorized into autotrophs, heterotrophs, and saprotrophs (decomposers).
  • Producers: Autotrophs like plants that produce food through photosynthesis.
  • Consumers: Organisms that depend on other organisms for food, including primary (herbivores), secondary (carnivores or omnivores), tertiary (carnivores or omnivores), and quaternary (prey on tertiary).
  • Decomposers: Saprophytes like fungi and bacteria that break down dead organic matter.

Abiotic Components

  • Abiotic components are the non-living components of an ecosystem.
  • Examples include air, water, soil, minerals, sunlight, temperature, nutrients, wind, altitude, calcium carbonates, and organic compounds.

Functions of Ecosystem

  • It regulates essential ecological processes, supports life systems, and renders stability.
  • It manages nutrient cycling between biotic and abiotic components.
  • It maintains balance among trophic levels.
  • It cycles minerals through the biosphere.
  • Abiotic components synthesize organic components involving energy exchange.

Energy Flow in an Ecosystem

  • Chemical energy from food is the primary energy source for living organisms.
  • Energy flows through trophic levels in food chains.
  • The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed but only transformed.
  • The second law of thermodynamics states that energy transfer leads to losses.

Trophic Levels

  • Producers are the first trophic level.
  • Herbivores (primary consumers) are the second trophic level.
  • Primary carnivores (secondary consumers) are the third trophic level.
  • Top carnivores (tertiary consumers) are the last level.

Food Chain

  • A food chain is the transfer of energy and nutrients through a succession of organisms.
  • The initial link is a green plant (producer).
  • Energy flows through producers, herbivores, carnivores, and finally decomposers.
  • Grazing food chain (GFC) shows the flow from producers to consumers.
  • Saprophytic food chain (DFC) shows the decomposition of dead organic matter.
  • Parasitic food chain (PFC) shows organisms exploiting a host.

Food Webs

  • A food web is an interconnection of food chains.
  • It shows what eats what in an ecological community.
  • Organisms are classified as autotrophs or heterotrophs based on their position in the web.

Ecological Pyramids

  • Ecological pyramids represent the tropic structure of an ecosystem.

  • They show energy loss at each trophic level.

  • Pyramid of Numbers: Represents the number of organisms at each level.

  • Pyramid of Biomass: Represents the total biomass at each level.

  • Pyramid of Energy: Represents the amount of energy at each level.

Methods of Measuring Primary Production

  • Harvest Method: Removing plant parts, drying, and weighing them.
  • Carbon Dioxide Assimilation: Plants fixing carbon dioxide in photosynthesis.
  • Oxygen Production Method: Measuring changes in dissolved oxygen in water over time.
  • Chlorophyll Method: Relating chlorophyll amount to photosynthetic rate.

Ecological Succession

  • A gradual change in species composition in an area due to environmental changes, leading to equilibrium.
  • Primary succession occurs in lifeless areas initially.
  • Secondary succession happens after a disruption to a pre-existing ecosystem.
  • Cyclic changes can also occur in the structure of an ecosystem.

Forest Types in India

  • Coniferous forests: Consist of needle-bearing trees adapted to cold or dry conditions.

  • Broadleaved forests: Evergreen (found in areas with high rain) and deciduous (shed leaves during dry seasons) trees.

  • Mangrove forests: Grow in a mixture of freshwater and saltwater, often in coastal regions.

  • Deciduous Forests: Receive moderate rainfall, shedding leaves during dry seasons. Examples include teak.

  • Thorn Forests: Found in semi-arid regions with plants using adaptations to conserve water.

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