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Questions and Answers
What are autotrophs primarily known for?
What are autotrophs primarily known for?
Primary consumers can be carnivores.
Primary consumers can be carnivores.
False
What role do decomposers play in an ecosystem?
What role do decomposers play in an ecosystem?
They recycle nutrients by breaking down dead and decaying organic matter.
What defines gross productivity in an aquatic ecosystem?
What defines gross productivity in an aquatic ecosystem?
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The non-living components of an ecosystem are known as ______.
The non-living components of an ecosystem are known as ______.
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Match the following consumer types with their description:
Match the following consumer types with their description:
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Chlorophyll amounts are greater in aquatic plants than in land plants.
Chlorophyll amounts are greater in aquatic plants than in land plants.
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What is the climax community?
What is the climax community?
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Which of the following is NOT considered an abiotic component?
Which of the following is NOT considered an abiotic component?
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Energy can be created or destroyed according to the first law of thermodynamics.
Energy can be created or destroyed according to the first law of thermodynamics.
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_____ succession begins in lifeless areas without soil.
_____ succession begins in lifeless areas without soil.
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Describe the function of an ecosystem in terms of nutrient cycling.
Describe the function of an ecosystem in terms of nutrient cycling.
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Match the type of ecological succession with its description:
Match the type of ecological succession with its description:
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Which of the following best describes secondary succession?
Which of the following best describes secondary succession?
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Cyclic succession refers to random changes in an ecosystem.
Cyclic succession refers to random changes in an ecosystem.
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Name one characteristic of coniferous forests.
Name one characteristic of coniferous forests.
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Which of the following best describes the second law of thermodynamics?
Which of the following best describes the second law of thermodynamics?
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The pyramid of numbers considers the mass of organisms at each trophic level.
The pyramid of numbers considers the mass of organisms at each trophic level.
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What is the primary role of producers in an ecosystem?
What is the primary role of producers in an ecosystem?
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In a food chain, the initial link is a _____ which produces chemical energy.
In a food chain, the initial link is a _____ which produces chemical energy.
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Which feeding group consists of organisms that consume herbivores?
Which feeding group consists of organisms that consume herbivores?
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Match the types of food chains with their descriptions:
Match the types of food chains with their descriptions:
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The ecological pyramid indicates that energy decreases as you move from one trophic level to the next.
The ecological pyramid indicates that energy decreases as you move from one trophic level to the next.
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What limits the number of steps in any food chain?
What limits the number of steps in any food chain?
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Which of the following are common conifers?
Which of the following are common conifers?
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Conifers are typically found in warm and humid climates.
Conifers are typically found in warm and humid climates.
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What type of forest is characterized by trees that shed their leaves during dry seasons?
What type of forest is characterized by trees that shed their leaves during dry seasons?
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Evergreen forests can be found in the Western Ghats, Northeastern Himalayas, and in the ________ Islands.
Evergreen forests can be found in the Western Ghats, Northeastern Himalayas, and in the ________ Islands.
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What characteristic helps conifers survive in cold environments?
What characteristic helps conifers survive in cold environments?
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Mangrove forests grow exclusively in freshwater environments.
Mangrove forests grow exclusively in freshwater environments.
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Name one adaptation of xerophytes that helps them conserve water.
Name one adaptation of xerophytes that helps them conserve water.
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Match the type of forest to its characteristic feature:
Match the type of forest to its characteristic feature:
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What does the pyramid of biomass indicate?
What does the pyramid of biomass indicate?
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The pyramid of energy always decreases as you move from the producer level to higher trophic levels.
The pyramid of energy always decreases as you move from the producer level to higher trophic levels.
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What is carbon dioxide assimilation?
What is carbon dioxide assimilation?
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The _____ method involves removing vegetation periodically to measure primary production.
The _____ method involves removing vegetation periodically to measure primary production.
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Match the following methods of measuring primary production with their descriptions:
Match the following methods of measuring primary production with their descriptions:
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In the Oxygen Production Method, what is placed in the two bottles?
In the Oxygen Production Method, what is placed in the two bottles?
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The presence of many organisms feeding on one dead plant or animal signifies an upright pyramid of numbers.
The presence of many organisms feeding on one dead plant or animal signifies an upright pyramid of numbers.
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What is the role of producers in the food chain?
What is the role of producers in the food chain?
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What is the primary goal of Sustainable Development Goal 1?
What is the primary goal of Sustainable Development Goal 1?
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The biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem are unrelated.
The biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem are unrelated.
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What does Sustainable Development Goal 13 emphasize?
What does Sustainable Development Goal 13 emphasize?
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An ecosystem consists of both ________ and ________ components.
An ecosystem consists of both ________ and ________ components.
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Match the following Sustainable Development Goals with their descriptions:
Match the following Sustainable Development Goals with their descriptions:
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Which Sustainable Development Goal focuses on gender equality?
Which Sustainable Development Goal focuses on gender equality?
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SDG 12 promotes sustainable consumption and production patterns.
SDG 12 promotes sustainable consumption and production patterns.
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What defines the structure of an ecosystem?
What defines the structure of an ecosystem?
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Study Notes
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
- End poverty in all its forms everywhere.
- End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture.
- Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.
- Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.
- Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.
- Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.
- Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all.
- Promote sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all.
- Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation.
- Reduce inequality within and among countries.
- Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable.
- Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns.
- Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.
- Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources for sustainable development.
- Protect, restore, and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and biodiversity loss.
- Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all, and build effective, accountable, and inclusive institutions at all levels.
- Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development.
Meaning of Ecosystem
- An ecosystem is a structural and functional unit of ecology where living organisms interact with each other and the surrounding environment.
- It's a chain of interactions between organisms and their environment.
Structure of the Ecosystem
- The structure is characterized by the organization of both biotic and abiotic components.
- It includes the distribution of energy and climatic conditions in the environment.
- Ecosystems can be split into biotic and abiotic components.
Biotic Components
- Biotic components are all living components in an ecosystem.
- Based on nutrition, they can be categorized into autotrophs, heterotrophs, and saprotrophs (decomposers).
- Producers: Autotrophs like plants that produce food through photosynthesis.
- Consumers: Organisms that depend on other organisms for food, including primary (herbivores), secondary (carnivores or omnivores), tertiary (carnivores or omnivores), and quaternary (prey on tertiary).
- Decomposers: Saprophytes like fungi and bacteria that break down dead organic matter.
Abiotic Components
- Abiotic components are the non-living components of an ecosystem.
- Examples include air, water, soil, minerals, sunlight, temperature, nutrients, wind, altitude, calcium carbonates, and organic compounds.
Functions of Ecosystem
- It regulates essential ecological processes, supports life systems, and renders stability.
- It manages nutrient cycling between biotic and abiotic components.
- It maintains balance among trophic levels.
- It cycles minerals through the biosphere.
- Abiotic components synthesize organic components involving energy exchange.
Energy Flow in an Ecosystem
- Chemical energy from food is the primary energy source for living organisms.
- Energy flows through trophic levels in food chains.
- The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed but only transformed.
- The second law of thermodynamics states that energy transfer leads to losses.
Trophic Levels
- Producers are the first trophic level.
- Herbivores (primary consumers) are the second trophic level.
- Primary carnivores (secondary consumers) are the third trophic level.
- Top carnivores (tertiary consumers) are the last level.
Food Chain
- A food chain is the transfer of energy and nutrients through a succession of organisms.
- The initial link is a green plant (producer).
- Energy flows through producers, herbivores, carnivores, and finally decomposers.
- Grazing food chain (GFC) shows the flow from producers to consumers.
- Saprophytic food chain (DFC) shows the decomposition of dead organic matter.
- Parasitic food chain (PFC) shows organisms exploiting a host.
Food Webs
- A food web is an interconnection of food chains.
- It shows what eats what in an ecological community.
- Organisms are classified as autotrophs or heterotrophs based on their position in the web.
Ecological Pyramids
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Ecological pyramids represent the tropic structure of an ecosystem.
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They show energy loss at each trophic level.
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Pyramid of Numbers: Represents the number of organisms at each level.
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Pyramid of Biomass: Represents the total biomass at each level.
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Pyramid of Energy: Represents the amount of energy at each level.
Methods of Measuring Primary Production
- Harvest Method: Removing plant parts, drying, and weighing them.
- Carbon Dioxide Assimilation: Plants fixing carbon dioxide in photosynthesis.
- Oxygen Production Method: Measuring changes in dissolved oxygen in water over time.
- Chlorophyll Method: Relating chlorophyll amount to photosynthetic rate.
Ecological Succession
- A gradual change in species composition in an area due to environmental changes, leading to equilibrium.
- Primary succession occurs in lifeless areas initially.
- Secondary succession happens after a disruption to a pre-existing ecosystem.
- Cyclic changes can also occur in the structure of an ecosystem.
Forest Types in India
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Coniferous forests: Consist of needle-bearing trees adapted to cold or dry conditions.
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Broadleaved forests: Evergreen (found in areas with high rain) and deciduous (shed leaves during dry seasons) trees.
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Mangrove forests: Grow in a mixture of freshwater and saltwater, often in coastal regions.
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Deciduous Forests: Receive moderate rainfall, shedding leaves during dry seasons. Examples include teak.
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Thorn Forests: Found in semi-arid regions with plants using adaptations to conserve water.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aimed at creating a better world. This quiz covers objectives such as ending poverty, promoting education, ensuring health, and achieving gender equality. Challenge yourself to understand these global goals designed to improve lives and protect the planet.
