Sustainable Development Basics

A type of bond formed between two atoms where electrons are shared equally.

A type of bond formed between two atoms where electrons are transferred from one atom to another.

Covalent compounds generally have a lower melting point and boiling point compared to electrovalent compounds.

Electrovalent compounds generally have higher melting and boiling points than covalent compounds.

Covalent compounds are generally soluble in non-polar solvents like oil.

Electrovalent compounds are generally soluble in polar solvents like water.

Covalent compounds are generally poor conductors of electricity.

Electrovalent compounds are generally good conductors of electricity when dissolved in water or in molten state.

The degree of ionization refers to the extent to which atoms or molecules in a substance lose or gain electrons to form ions. It signifies how much a substance has dissociated into charged particles.

Factors affecting the degree of ionization include the nature of the solute - strong or weak electrolytes, concentration - more concentrated solutions have lower ionization, temperature - higher temperatures favor ionization, and the presence of common ions - suppressing ionization.

The 3R concept for sustainable development of the environment encompasses Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle. It emphasizes using less resources, finding new uses for old items, and reprocessing materials to create new goods.

CNG, Compressed Natural Gas, is a clean fuel as its combustion produces fewer pollutants compared to traditional fuels like gasoline. It is also a renewable resource, making it a more sustainable option.

Sustainable development aims to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It involves balancing economic growth, social development, and environmental protection.

The negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration ([H+]) in a solution.

The formula for calculating pH is: pH = -log[H+].

The pH of a solution with a hydrogen ion concentration of 0.05 M is approximately 1.3.

The negative logarithm of the hydroxide ion concentration ([OH-]) in a solution.

The formula for calculating pOH is: pOH = -log[OH-].

The pOH of a solution with a hydrogen ion concentration of 0.05 M can be calculated using the relationship: pH + pOH = 14.

A solution is acidic if its pH is less than 7.

A solution is basic (alkaline) if its pH is greater than 7.

A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed itself.

The process used to produce ammonia (NH3) from nitrogen (N2) and hydrogen (H2).

The process of making nitric acid (HNO3) from ammonia (NH3).

This process uses nickel as a catalyst to convert liquid oils into solid fats. This is how we make margarine, for example.

A process that uses platinum or vanadium oxide catalysts to produce sulfur trioxide (SO3), which is then used to make sulfuric acid (H2SO4).

Wood's metal is a low-melting alloy, easily melting at around 70°C (158°F).

Wood's metal is made of four metals: bismuth, lead, tin, and cadmium.

It has excellent electrical conductivity for its low melting point.

A measure of heat energy released per unit mass when a fuel is completely burnt.

The minimum temperature a fuel needs to start and sustain burning.

The non-combustible residue left after a fuel is burnt.

The amount of water present in a fuel.

The amount of easily vaporized components in a fuel.

The efficiency with which a fuel can convert its chemical energy into useful heat.

A coating process using zinc to protect metal from corrosion

A coating process using zinc dust to protect metal from corrosion, often used for smaller parts.

Solid fuels have lower ignition points compared to gaseous fuels. This means solid fuels are easier to ignite.

Gaseous fuels generally have higher calorific values compared to solid fuels. This means they release more heat per unit mass when burned.

A nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) cell is a type of rechargeable battery that uses nickel oxide hydroxide as the cathode and cadmium as the anode.

A and B represent the electrodes of the cell. A is the cathode (positive electrode) and B is the anode (negative electrode).

Nickel-Cadmium cells are secondary batteries, meaning they can be recharged multiple times.

A Ni-Cd cell typically has a voltage of 1.2 volts.

Ni-Cd cells are commonly used in power tools and emergency lighting due to their high power output and ability to withstand many charge cycles.

Ni-Cd cells are also used in electric vehicles, especially in hybrid cars, due to their ability to deliver high power, even at low temperatures.

Ni-Cd batteries have a longer lifespan than alkaline batteries but have some downsides.

Ni-Cd cells contain cadmium, a harmful metal, which poses environmental concerns during disposal. They are also relatively expensive compared to other battery technologies.