340 Questions
What was the global use of natural resources in 2017?
92.1 billion tons
What is the main goal of the circular bioeconomy?
To reduce waste production and achieve sustainable consumption and production
What has been the main driver of the increase in global fisheries and aquaculture production?
Advances in fishing technologies and rapid developments in aquaculture
What has been the average annual growth rate of the global fish supply from 1961-2016?
3.2%
What was the total global fishery production in 2014?
93.4 million tons
What has been the trend in fish waste production globally?
It has undergone a dramatic increase
What was the world fish consumption per capita in 2015?
20.2 kg
What is the estimated world fish consumption per capita for 2016 and 2017?
20.3 kg and 20.5 kg
What is the main concern regarding fish losses in the distribution chain?
Both economic and environmental concerns
What is the primary goal of the EU's Common Fisheries Policy (CFP)?
Reduce waste and promote sustainable practices
What is a potential use of fish waste?
All of the above
Why is the circular bioeconomy considered essential for future generations?
It is based on the principles of sustainability and resource circularity
What is the definition of bioeconomy according to the European Commission?
The production of renewable biological resources and conversion of waste streams into value-added products
What is the primary goal of the bio-waste valorization approach?
Bringinging circularity to the bioeconomy
What is a key characteristic of the circular bioeconomy?
The efficient use of resources and reduction of waste
What is the primary benefit of the circular bioeconomy?
Reduced environmental impact
What is the current trend in fish consumption?
Continuous increase in consumption, despite a small decrease in global capture fisheries production
What is the main strength of the circular bioeconomy?
Awareness and involvement of stakeholders, policymakers, and industry
What is the main focus of the scientific community's efforts in this area?
Recovering resources from biological waste
What is the primary use of fish waste currently?
Fish meal industry
What is the estimated percentage of fish waste generated during processing?
20-80%
What is the main reason for fish processing?
To reduce transportation costs
What is the consequence of high protein hydrolysis?
Bitter-tasting peptides
What is necessary for fishing vessels to maintain the quality of byproducts?
Advanced equipment and technologies
What is expected to increase in the next years due to the EU-CFP reform?
Fish waste generation
What is a potential use of fish waste?
As a co-substrate for waste activated sludge
What is the consequence of lipid peroxidation?
Variability in raw materials
What is the main challenge for the fish industry in terms of product quality?
Minimizing protein degradation
What is the main goal of the total allowable catch regulations?
To reduce the waste of fish biomass through discards
What percentage of caught fish does not reach the market?
25%
What is the expected outcome of the Blue Growth strategy by 2030?
Many ocean-based industries will outperform the global economy
What is the value of the EU blue economy in terms of jobs and gross added value?
5.4 million jobs and 500 billion per year
What is the focus of the blue biotechnology part of the Blue Growth strategy?
Transforming raw marine materials into products with high economic value
What percentage of the global population's intake of animal protein does fish account for?
17%
What is one of the health benefits of consuming fish?
Reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease
What is the protein content of fish byproducts on a dry weight basis?
49.22-57.92%
What is the main source of lipids in fish byproducts?
Head and intestines
Why are marine species, including fish products, considered important for medical use?
Because they are a source of efficacious animal-derived medicinal products
What is an alternative to bovine-collagen scaffolds in burn wound care applications?
Fish-collagen scaffold
What is the antioxidant capacity of collagen from fish mainly evaluated by?
DPPH and ABTS assays
What is the application of fish collagen in the food industry?
As a food additive and packaging
What is the potential use of FC/PCL membranes?
Inducing cell differentiation and calcium deposition
What is the benefit of using fish collagen as a yogurt additive?
It confers ACE inhibitory property
What is the function of collagen obtained from Paralichthys olivaceus skin?
To produce FC/PCL scaffolds for bone regeneration
What is the property of the composite coating produced from PSC extracted from P. glauca skin?
It preserves fillet quality
What is the effect of FC/PLC scaffolds on bone formation?
They improve new bone formation
What is the application of collagen extracted from tilapia scale?
To engineer oral mucosa
What is the application of collagen skin from Mustelus mustelus combined with chitosan?
To produce a protective film
What is the source of the collagen used in the fabrication of porous scaffolds?
Priacanthus hamrur skin
What is the effect of collagen on periodontal ligament fibroblasts and gingival fibroblasts?
It increases their growth
What is the antioxidant activity of collagen from fish based on?
Its ability to scavenge different free radicals
What is the application of collagen from Nile tilapia scales?
To produce tissue-engineered oral mucosa equivalents
What is the effect of collagen from Atlantic salmon skin on human mesenchymal stem cells?
It promotes their growth and responsiveness to osteogenic stimuli
What is the result of using fish collagen as an alternative to bovine-collagen scaffolds?
Good wound-healing outcomes
What is the application of collagen from shark and ray?
To regenerate damaged cartilaginous tissues
What is the application of collagen/gelatin/chitosan novel porous scaffolds?
Both antioxidant and antibacterial activities
What is the function of collagen-based scaffolds impregnated with sago starch capped silver nanoparticles?
To promote wound healing and skin regeneration
What is the effect of fish skin collagen on wound healing?
It accelerates wound healing
What are the main sources of commercial collagen?
Bovine and pig skin, cattle bones and other mammalian animal waste
What is the advantage of fish collagen compared to bovine and porcine collagen?
More efficient adsorption into the body and higher bioavailability
What is the most common method to extract collagen from fish waste?
Acid extraction procedure
What is the name of the collagen obtained using the pepsin extraction procedure?
Pepsin-soluble collagen (PSC)
What are the advantages of using natural scaffolds, including collagen and gelatin, in tissue engineering?
Higher biocompatibility and biosafety
What is the primary application of peptides derived from fish hydrolysates?
All of the above
What is the role of scaffolds in tissue engineering?
Promoting cell adhesion and differentiation
What was the result of using tilapia skin collagen as a scaffold in cartilage regeneration?
It promoted cartilage production in vitro and in vivo
Which bacteria was SJGAP isolated from Skipjack tuna skin most active against?
E. coli
What is the application of electrospun nanofibrous membranes of fish collagen/polycaprolactone (FC/PCL)?
Cartilage regeneration
What is the primary role of amino acid type, position, and hydrophobicity in peptide bioactivities?
Playing a relevant role
Which fish peptide exhibited antibacterial activity against Lactobacillus acidophilus?
KVEIVAINDPFIDL
What is the primary challenge in using fish collagen for commercial applications?
Developing a sustainable extraction process
What is the primary mechanism of action of fish collagen-derived peptides with antihypertensive activity?
ACE inhibitory activity
What is the potential application of fish-derived collagen and gelatin?
All of the above
What is the effect of fish hydrolysates on the immune response in silver pompano (Trachinotus blochii)?
Improved growth performance
What is the primary application of peptides derived from fish collagen hydrolysates?
Antihypertensive activities
What is the primary structure of collagenous domains in fibrillar collagen molecules?
Gly-X-Y
What is the primary mechanism of action of peptides with antioxidant activity?
Inhibiting lipid peroxidation
What is the estimated market value of the Marine Collagen Market by 2025?
USD 983.84 million
What is the primary source of peptides with bioactive properties?
Fish waste
What is the percentage of animal proteins made up of collagen?
20-30%
What is the main reason for the growth of the marine collagen market?
Use of collagen in the cosmetic, food, and beverage industry
What is the primary benefit of using peptides derived from fish hydrolysates?
Enhanced human health
What is the result of partial hydrolysis and heat denaturation of collagen?
Production of gelatin
What is the typical molecular weight range of peptides obtained through enzymatic hydrolysis of collagen?
0.3-8 KDa
What is the classification of collagen types based on?
Primary structure
What is the percentage of glycine residues in gelatin?
12%
What is the purpose of enzymatic hydrolysis in obtaining peptides from collagen?
To break down collagen fibers
What is the significance of fish byproducts in terms of biotechnological or pharmaceutical applications?
They offer a significant and sustainable source of high-value bio-compounds
What was the IC50 of APGAP, a synthetic peptide derived from collagen proteolysis of Raja clavata skin?
170.2 M
What was the IC50 of GLPLNLP, a peptide isolated from salmon O. keta skin trypsin hydrolysate?
18.7 M
What was the IC50 of FGASTRGA, a peptide isolated from Alaska pollack protein hydrolysates?
14.7 M
What was the IC50 of GLP, a synthetic peptide based on the sequence of a purified peptide from salmon skin?
9.08 M
What was the IC50 of chalcogramma skin peptides obtained by simulating gastrointestinal digestion?
0.49 mg/mL
What was the IC50 of PGPLGLTGP, a peptide obtained by chymotrypsin digestion of Raja kenojei skin protein hydrolysates?
95 M
What was the IC50 of QLGFLGPR, a peptide obtained by chymotrypsin digestion of Raja kenojei skin protein hydrolysates?
148 M
What was the IC50 of crude hydrolysates from yellowtail fish bone?
2.0 mg/mL
What is the primary source of bioactive peptides?
Marine organisms
What is the preferred method to hydrolyze fish skin without losing nutritional value?
Enzymatic hydrolysis
What is the estimated global market size of fish protein hydrolysates in 2019?
USD 420 million
What is the expected growth rate of the fish protein hydrolysates market between 2020 and 2026?
4.5%CAGR
What is the purpose of ultrafiltration (UF) in peptide purification?
To purify peptides based on their molecular weight
What is the main advantage of fermentation as a protein hydrolysis method?
It is considered a more natural procedure
What is the purpose of mass spectrometry methods in peptide characterization?
To identify the peptide sequences
What is the main benefit of using collagen from fish skin?
It is a more sustainable and environmentally friendly option
What is the primary application of collagen from fish skin?
All of the above
What is the main advantage of using collagen from Oreochromis niloticus fish?
It is a more sustainable and environmentally friendly option
What percentage of improvement was reported in wrinkle reduction in participants consuming 10g of hydrolyzed collagen powder daily?
15%
What was the effect of collagen drink on UVA irradiated human skin fibroblasts?
Restored mitochondrial activity and reduced ROS production
What was the effect of collagen tripeptide on hairless mouse model?
Improved skin hydration and reduced MMP-3 and -13 expression
What is the effect of hydrolyzed fish collagen on osteoclastin differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells?
Induced osteoclastin differentiation and improved expression of anti-inflammatory mediators
What is the effect of subcritical water-hydrolysed fish collagen peptide on adipocyte differentiation?
Inhibited adipocyte differentiation
What is the effect of tilapia skin gelatin hydrolysate on glucose tolerance in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats?
Improved glucose tolerance by inhibiting DPP-IV activity and enhancing GLP-1 secretion
What is the effect of hydrolysed collagen on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity?
Inhibited MMP-1 expression
What is the effect of collagen hydrolysate on osteoclast differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells?
Promoted osteoclast differentiation
What is the effect of yellowfin sole anticoagulant protein (YAP) on platelet aggregation?
Inhibited platelet aggregation
What is the effect of hydrolysed fish collagen peptide on adipocyte genes?
Decreased expression of C/EBP-a, PPAR-y, and aP2 genes
What is the main characteristic of fish frame protein hydrolysates?
They are a rich source of antioxidant peptides
Which of the following peptides has been shown to have anti-acetylcholinesterase activity?
Collagen hydrolysates from Salmon skin
What is the effect of the peptide VKAGFAWTANQQLS on lipid peroxidation in linoleic acid emulsion system?
It inhibits lipid peroxidation
Which of the following fish byproducts has been shown to have antioxidant activity?
All of the above
What is the effect of collagen peptides from Salmon skin on early body weight gain in rats?
It facilitates early body weight gain
What is the potential use of fish waste mentioned in the text?
For functional foods to relieve aging memory deficits
Which of the following peptides has been shown to have anti-hypertensive properties?
TGGGNV from cod
What is the effect of collagen peptides on oxidative stress in mice?
They reduce oxidative stress
Which of the following fish byproducts has been shown to have antioxidant activity?
All of the above
What is the effect of collagen peptides on brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in rats?
They increase brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression
What is the percentage increase in global use of natural resources from 1970 to 2017?
254%
What is the main role of biomass wastes in the circular bioeconomy?
To reduce waste production
What is the driving factor behind the increase in global fisheries and aquaculture production?
All of the above
What is the current trend in fish consumption per capita?
Increasing
What is the consequence of the increasing global fish consumption?
Increase in fish waste production
What is the focus of the circular bioeconomy?
To achieve sustainable consumption and production
What is the main goal of the circular bioeconomy?
To promote sustainable use of resources
What is the main driver of the growth in global fish supply?
Advances in fishing technologies and rapid developments in aquaculture
What percentage of caught fish does not reach the market?
25%
What is the focus of the blue biotechnology part of the Blue Growth strategy?
Transforming raw marine materials into high-value products
What is the value of the EU blue economy in terms of jobs and gross added value?
5.4 million jobs and 500 billion per year
What is one of the health benefits of consuming fish?
Reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease
What is the protein content of fish byproducts on a dry weight basis?
49.22-57.92%
Why are marine species, including fish products, considered important for medical use?
They are a source of efficacious animal-derived medicinal products
What is the goal of the total allowable catch regulations?
To regulate the landing of commercially exploited species
What is the estimated outcome of the Blue Growth strategy by 2030?
An increase in ocean-based industries
What is the main source of lipids in fish byproducts?
Intestines and bones
What percentage of the global population's intake of animal protein does fish account for?
17%
What is the main concern related to fish losses in the distribution chain?
both economic and environmental concerns
What is the primary goal of the EU's Common Fisheries Policy (CFP)?
Drastically reducing/prohibiting discards and using the captured biomass as best as possible
What is the role of the circular bioeconomy in achieving sustainability?
Achieving both sustainability in terms of resources and environmental sustainability
What is the main reason for promoting sustainable fish waste management?
All of the above
What is the potential of fish byproducts in terms of value-added compounds?
Rich source of value-added compounds, including enzymes, bioactive peptides, and bio-polymers
What is the main goal of the transition from a linear to a circular economy?
To manage resources in an eco-efficient way
What is the main focus of the bio-waste valorization approach?
Bringinging circularity to the bioeconomy
What is the main characteristic of the circular bioeconomy?
Awareness by people and industry, involvement of stakeholders and policy makers, support of politics, sustainable production and consumption, resources valorization, and zero waste
What is the main benefit of the circular bioeconomy?
Promoting sustainable development and economic growth
What is the purpose of the circular bioeconomy in terms of resources?
To achieve an efficient use in terms of resources
What is the main reason for the growing interest in the use of unwanted marine resources?
To develop greener and more sustainable processes
Why is fish waste mainly used in the fish meal industry?
Because it contains almost the same amount of proteins as fish meat
What is the main challenge for the industry regarding product quality?
Minimizing the degradation of proteins by enzymes
What is the main reason for the implementation of stringent hygiene measures at the National and International level?
To ensure food safety and consumer protection
What is a potential use of fish waste?
As a fertilizer for agricultural and horticultural crops
What is the expected outcome of the implementation of the landing obligation?
An increase in fish waste production
What is the main reason for fish processing?
To reduce the costs related to transport of inedible parts of the fish
What is the consequence of high protein hydrolysis?
Production of bitter-tasting peptides
What is necessary for fishing vessels to maintain the quality of byproducts?
More advanced equipment and technologies for capture and better handling
What is the main focus of the scientific community's efforts in this area?
Developing greener and more sustainable processes
What is the potential application of fish collagen in burn wound care?
Alternative to bovine-collagen scaffolds
What is the antioxidant capacity of collagen from fish mainly evaluated by?
DPPH and ABTS assays
What is the application of fish collagen in the food industry?
Food additive and packaging
What is the function of collagen obtained from Paralichthys olivaceus skin?
Cartilage tissue engineering
What is the benefit of using fish collagen as a yogurt additive?
ACE inhibitory property
What is the application of collagen skin from Mustelus mustelus combined with chitosan?
Protective film for nutraceutical products
What is the effect of collagen/gelatin/chitosan complex on malonic dialdehyde content in mice serum?
Decreased it
What is the antioxidant property of collagen from fish?
Both radical scavenging activity and ferric-reducing antioxidant power
What is the application of PSC extracted from P. glauca skin?
Composite coating for preserving Pagrus major fillet quality
What is the benefit of using collagen/gelatin/chitosan porous scaffolds?
Antioxidant and antibacterial activities
What is the primary application of peptides derived from fish hydrolysates?
All of the above
Which of the following fish peptides has been reported to have antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?
GLPGLGPAGPK from Scomber scombrus
What is the main mechanism of action of fish collagen-derived peptides with antihypertensive activity?
ACE inhibitory activity
Which of the following fish species has been used as a source of collagen-derived peptides with antimicrobial activity?
Pelteobagrus fulvidraco
What is the unit of measurement used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of fish peptides?
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
Which of the following is NOT a bioactivity reported for fish peptides?
Cytotoxic activity
What is the main source of fish peptides with bioactivities?
Fish skin
What is the primary method used to obtain fish peptides with bioactivities?
Enzymatic hydrolysis
Which of the following is a potential application of fish collagen-derived peptides?
All of the above
What is the primary advantage of using fish collagen-derived peptides compared to other sources?
Sustainable source
What is the main application of collagen extracted from fish scales?
Tissue-engineered oral mucosa equivalents
What was the IC50 value of the peptide GLP in inhibiting ACE?
9.08 M
What is the benefit of using FC/PCL membranes in cartilage regeneration?
Promoting in vivo cartilage regeneration
What is the effect of collagen from Paralichthys olivaceus skin on mouse mesenchymal stem cells?
Inducing cell differentiation
What is the estimated market value of the marine collagen market by 2025?
USD 983.84 million
What was the IC50 value of the peptide PGPLGLTGP in inhibiting ACE?
95 M
What is the application of blended hydrogels composed of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and fish collagen (FC)?
Growth of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts and gingival fibroblasts
What was the IC50 value of the peptide GLPLNLP in inhibiting ACE?
18.7 M
What is the approximate percentage of animal proteins that collagen represents?
20-30%
What is the main role of fibrillar collagen (type I) in vertebrates?
It plays a key role in the mechanical properties of bones, tendons, and skin
What was the IC50 value of the peptide FGASTRGA in inhibiting ACE?
14.7 M
What is the property of collagen from Nile tilapia scales?
Possessing promising properties and biotechnological potential
What was the IC50 value of the peptide GDLGKTTTVSNWSPPKYKDTP in inhibiting ACE?
11.28 M
What is the effect of collagen-based scaffolds impregnated with sago starch capped silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)?
Reducing bacterial infection
What is the result of partial hydrolysis and heat denaturation of collagen?
Gelatin production
What was the IC50 value of the hydrolysates with MW 1000 in inhibiting ACE?
1.5 mg/mL
What is the application of collagen from Oreochromis niloticus skin?
Biomedical hydrogel
What is the typical molecular weight range of peptides obtained from enzymatic hydrolysis of collagen?
0.3-8 kDa
What is the estimated annual growth rate of the marine collagen market?
7.4%
What is the effect of collagen from fish scales on wound healing?
Promoting wound healing
What was the IC50 value of the 3 KDa hydrolysates in inhibiting ACE?
0.08 mg prot/mL
What was the scavenging activity of the viscera hydrolysates?
65.15% (DPPH)
What is the primary structure of collagen molecules?
Gly-X-Y repeated triplets sequence
What is the application of collagen-based scaffolds in burn wound care?
Wound healing and skin regeneration
What is the classification of collagen types based on?
Their primary structures and forms of supramolecular organization
What was the antioxidant capacity of the 5 KDa hydrolysates?
~40% oxidant inhibitory ratio
What is the effect of collagen from shark and ray skin on damaged cartilaginous tissues?
Regenerating damaged cartilaginous tissues
What is the main characteristic of non-fibrillar collagens?
They contain different interruptions in their collagenous domains
What is the trend observed for the antioxidant activity of peptides?
Low MW peptides have generally higher ORAC values
What is the composition of gelatin closely related to?
The origin of collagen
What is a source of antioxidant peptides?
Fish frame protein hydrolysates
What is the property of the peptide VKAGFAWTANQQLS isolated from tuna backbone protein?
Antioxidant activity
What is the function of collagen hydrolysates from Salmon (O.keta) skin?
Anti-acetylcholinesterase activity
What is the effect of collagen peptides from Skate (R.kenojei) skin?
-Secretase inhibitory activity
What is the application of fish collagen in the cosmetic field?
Skincare products
What is the source of the collagen used in the fabrication of porous scaffolds?
Paralichthys olivaceus skin
What is the effect of FC/PLC scaffolds on bone formation?
Increased bone formation
What is the application of collagen extracted from tilapia scale?
Biomedical applications
What is the benefit of using fish collagen as a yogurt additive?
Increased nutritional value
What is the property of the composite coating produced from PSC extracted from P. glauca skin?
Adhesive
What is the main source of commercial collagen?
Bovine and pig skin, cattle bones and other mammalian animal waste
What is a characteristic of fish collagen?
More efficient adsorption into the body and higher bioavailability than porcine and bovine collagen
What is the primary goal of tissue engineering?
To promote cell regeneration and differentiation
What is the application of collagen in the pharmaceutical industry?
As a functional molecule for cosmetic applications
What is the advantage of using natural scaffolds in tissue engineering?
Higher biocompatibility and biosafety
What is the function of collagen in cartilage regeneration?
To promote cell adhesion and differentiation
What is the result of using tilapia skin collagen as a scaffold in cartilage regeneration?
It promotes cartilage production in vitro and in vivo
What is the application of electrospun nanofibrous membranes of fish collagen/polycaprolactone (FC/PCL)?
In cartilage regeneration
What is the advantage of using fish collagen over bovine collagen?
More efficient adsorption into the body and higher bioavailability
What is the purpose of using acids in collagen extraction?
To solubilize collagen chains and improve the extraction yield
What was the percentage of improvement in overall skin score reported by participants in the collagen consuming group at week 12?
9%
What was the effect of the collagen drink on UVA irradiated human skin fibroblasts?
It restored their viability and mitochondrial activity
What was the effect of cod skin gelatin hydrolysates on MMP-1 expression in fibroblasts?
It inhibited MMP-1 expression
What was the effect of collagen tripeptide on skin hydration in a hairless mouse model?
It increased skin hydration
What was the effect of hydrolysed fish collagen on osteoclastin differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells?
It improved osteoclastin differentiation
What was the effect of subcritical water-hydrolysed fish collagen peptide on adipocyte differentiation?
It inhibited adipocyte differentiation
What was the effect of tilapia skin gelatin hydrolysate on glucose tolerance in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats?
It improved glucose tolerance
What was the effect of hydrolysed collagen on platelet aggregation?
It inhibited platelet aggregation
What was the effect of hydrolysed collagen on bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells?
It promoted osteogenic differentiation
What is the effect of collagen on skin-derived peptides from the sutchi catfish P. hypophthalmus?
It inhibited MMP activity
What is the main source of bioactive peptides in fish waste?
Whole body fish waste
What is the preferred method of hydrolysis in food and pharmaceutical industries?
Enzymatic hydrolysis
What is the purpose of ultrafiltration in peptide purification?
To separate compounds based on their molecular weight
What is the global market size of fish protein hydrolysates in 2019?
USD 420 million
What is the expected growth rate of the fish protein hydrolysates market between 2020 and 2026?
4.5% CAGR
What is the application of collagen extracted from Oreochromis niloticus skin?
Wound healing
What is the function of collagen obtained from Prionace glauca skin?
Food packaging
What is the method used to characterize peptide sequences?
Mass spectrometry
What is the purpose of fermentation in protein hydrolysis?
To enhance flavor and taste of food
What is the advantage of using fish collagen in medical applications?
It is a more natural and sustainable alternative to bovine collagen
What is an advantage of using silage in aquaculture diets?
Lower operating costs with inexpensive carbohydrate sources
What is a characteristic of the Norwegian process for producing silage?
Two-stage heat process to eliminate pathogens
What is a benefit of thermophilic fermentation?
Destruction of pathogens and generation of heat
What is the function of the RUBIN composting process?
To produce a liquid fertilizer
What is a characteristic of the Thermo Tech Technologies composting process?
Aerobic thermophilic fermentation at approximately 70°C
What is the typical moisture content of silage before mixing with dry ingredients?
65-80%
What is the purpose of heat treatment in some silage production processes?
To eliminate pathogens
What is a result of thermophilic fermentation?
Destruction of pathogens and generation of heat
What is a characteristic of the compost produced in the RUBIN composting process?
A liquid fertilizer
What is a characteristic of bacterial fish diseases?
They are spread through excretions of urine and faeces from one host to another
What is the primary purpose of heating fish waste to 95-100°C during fish meal production?
To destroy pathogens and spoilage organisms
What is the product of centrifugation in fish meal production?
Oil, water, and solids
What is a concern related to the use of aquatic waste in the production of fish meal and fertilizer?
The spread of fish pathogens to cultured or wild fish species
Which country is considered a world leader in the utilization of aquatic waste?
Norway
What is the purpose of the heat treatment in the production of fish meal?
To ensure the destruction of pathogens and spoilage organisms
What is the result of the pressing step in fish meal production?
Press cake and press liquor
What is the main goal of the policies developed in Norway regarding aquatic waste?
To reduce the possibility of the spread of fish pathogens
What is the purpose of the evaporation step in fish meal production?
To remove excess water from the press cake
What is the primary reason for heating offal to an internal temperature of at least 90°C?
To prevent the survival of fish pathogens
What is believed to be more susceptible to physical and chemical treatment than bacteria and viruses?
Fungi
What is the main concern regarding the practice of feeding fish offal to farm animals?
The potential for prion-related illnesses in aquaculture species
What is the primary advantage of using shrimp meal in aquaculture feed?
Its amino acid profile is ideal for the culture of crustaceans
What is the purpose of acidification in the production of fish silage?
To inhibit spoilage bacteria and prevent the production of off odors and toxins
What is the estimated percentage of fish waste generated during processing?
None of the above
Why are separate processing facilities established in Norway for aquaculture waste and open sea fishery waste?
To minimize the potential for cross-contamination of raw material
What is the typical method of producing fish meal from fish waste?
Cooking at a high temperature
What is believed to be responsible for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) in cattle and Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease (CJD) in humans?
Prions
What is the primary advantage of using fish silage in aquaculture diets?
It is highly nutritious
What is the purpose of the regulations in Norway and the European Union regarding the use of fish meal in aquaculture feeds?
To ensure the safety of using fish meal as an ingredient
What is believed to be more resistant to heat than most foodborne pathogens of bacterial and viral origin?
Prions
What is the main reason for keeping waste streams from the open sea fishery and aquaculture industry separate in Norway?
To minimize the potential for cross-contamination of raw material
What is the typical temperature range for operating a standard evaporator?
90-95°C
What is the classification of animal offal in Norway?
High risk and low risk
What is the primary concern regarding the use of fish meal in aquaculture feeds?
The safety of using fish meal as an ingredient
What is the purpose of heating 'high risk' offal to an internal temperature of at least 133°C?
To prevent the survival of fish pathogens
What is the current use of fish oil from the meal plants in Norway?
Both for aquaculture feed and human consumption
What is the purpose of processing waste as soon as possible?
To reduce spoilage
What is the pH level required for processing high-risk offal?
pH ≤ 4.0
What is the typical application of fish silage?
As a protein supplement to swine, mink and poultry
What is the main reason for the regulation of waste treatment in Norway?
To minimize the potential for cross-contamination of raw material
What is the temperature required for heating low-risk offal destined for fish feed production?
At least 90°C
What is the primary focus of the RUBIN foundation?
Waste elimination and waste utilization projects
What is the microbiological specification for Salmonella in high and low-risk offals?
None in 25 g and n = 5, c = 0, m = 0, M = 0
What is the purpose of adding acid (usually formic) during processing?
To decrease the pH level
What is the thermal process exemption for low-risk offal destined for the production of feed for warm-blooded animals?
Exempt from heat treatment
What is the goal of the RUBIN foundation's initial phase?
To eliminate waste in environmentally acceptable ways
What is the purpose of sterilizing or incinerating high-risk offal?
To prevent re-entry into the food chain
What is the benefit of using enzymatic processing for edible virgin cod liver oil?
Gives stability from oxidative rancidity
What is the primary use of chitosan?
In water treatment as a cationic flocculent
What is a benefit of using moist fish feed over dry feed?
Both A and B
What is the main area of production and marketing for KS Biotec-Mackzymal?
Both A and B, as well as industrial enzymes
What is the estimated percentage of antibiotics used in the Norwegian aquaculture industry as of now?
Less than 1% of the total usage in the early 1980s
What is a product produced by KS Biotec-Mackzymal?
All of the above
What is the company that has patented a process for the manufacture of soft aquaculture feed?
RUBIN
What is the main advantage of the moist fish feed over the dry feed?
Better palatability
What is a product derived from fish waste?
All of the above
What is the purpose of the gelling process in the manufacture of the soft aquaculture feed?
To hold the particles together in seawater
What is the company that processes acid silage collected from all over Norway and abroad?
Reiber & Sons
What is one of the applications of chitosan in the food industry?
As a thickening agent or stabilizer
What is the purpose of using chitosan as a coating for fruit and seeds?
To retard dehydration
What is the potential advantage of manufacturing chitin and chitosan from shrimp waste?
Possibly destroying shrimp pathogens in the process
What is one of the applications of chitosan mentioned in Table 3.1?
All of the above
What is a unique product developed from salmon oil?
Encapsulated omega-3 enriched health supplements
What is the current use of salmon skin?
Tanned for fish leather products
What is extracted from salmon roe?
Salmon DNA
What is a potential application of chitosan in medicine?
All of the above
What is the primary method of killing fish bacterial pathogens?
All of the above
What was the result of the two-step thermal process described in the text?
Complete destruction of Aeromonas salmonicida and Mycobacterium chelonei
How did the pH of the environment affect the heat resistance of A.salmonicida?
It became less heat resistant
What was the result of the study by Smail et al. (1993a) on the destruction of bacterial pathogens in fish silage?
Bacterial pathogens were destroyed quickly
What is the primary concern regarding the re-introduction of fish pathogens into the marine environment?
The treatment of wastewater from aquaculture processing facilities
What is the main difference between the destruction of bacterial pathogens in silage prepared by addition of organic acids and that prepared by natural lactic acid fermentation?
The presence of probiotics
What is the main reason for the variation in the susceptibility of fish pathogens to treatment with disinfectants?
The specific fish pathogen being targeted
What is the significance of the study by Whipple and Rohovec (1994) on the thermal destruction of bacterial pathogens?
It established a protocol for thermal destruction
What is the main difference between the survival of fish bacterial pathogens and viruses in aquaculture?
Far more work has been published on the transmission and survival of fish viral pathogens
What is the significance of the study by Smail et al. (1993a) on the comparison of bacterial pathogen survival to the infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) virus?
It compared the survival of bacterial pathogens and viruses in aquaculture
What was found to be resistant to both enzymatic digestion and extremely low pH levels?
IPN virus
What was used to remove the lipid envelop of the ISA virus, thus destroying its infectivity?
Chloroform
How long did the IPN virus survive in acidified silage stored at 4°C?
Over 4 months
What was found to be capable of transmitting the ISA virus from host to host?
Sea lice
What was the temperature at which IPN was inactivated after 2 hours?
70°C
What was the duration of UV irradiation at 254 nm required to inactivate the BP virus?
40 minutes
What was the temperature at which IHN was quickly destroyed?
55°C
What was found to survive more than 14 days in a pH 4 buffer or in fish silage?
IPN virus
What was the temperature at which IPN was inactivated after 10 minutes?
80°C
What was the duration of time for which the ISA virus was found to be still infectious in seawater?
20 hours
Study Notes
Global Use of Natural Resources
- The global use of natural resources has increased substantially, reaching 92.1 billion tons in 2017, a 254% increase from 27 billion tons in 1970.
- The rapid build-up in annual extraction has been observed since 2000.
- The concept of circular bioeconomy aims to enhance the value of material flows and achieve sustainable consumption and production.
Fish Waste and the Circular Bioeconomy
- The total fisheries and aquaculture production has shown a considerable increase of more than eightfold between 1954 and 2014.
- The growth in the global fish supply has increased, with an average annual growth rate of 3.2% from 1961 to 2016.
- World fish consumption per capita has increased from 9.0 kg in 1961 to 20.2 kg in 2015.
- The amount of fish waste has undergone a dramatic increase across the world.
- The expansion of consumption is driven by the reduction of wastage and the increase in production.
Circular Bioeconomy Era
- The circular bioeconomy is an integral part of the circular economy, aiming to achieve sustainability in terms of resources and environmental sustainability.
- The bioeconomy uses materials of biological origin and imitates or uses processes developed by nature to achieve an efficient use of resources.
- The European Commission defines bioeconomy as "the production of renewable biological resources and the conversion of these resources and waste streams into value-added products."
Fish Waste Valorization
- Fish waste is a promising source of products with high market value.
- The nutritional composition of fish waste allows it to supply plant nutrients or enrich compost.
- Fish waste has high concentration of biodegradable organics, which can be recycled as a co-substrate for waste activated sludge.
- More than 70% of the total fish caught is subjected to further processing, resulting in the production of large amounts of fish waste.
Fish Byproducts as a Source of High-Added Value Compounds
- Fish byproducts are a nutritionally important source of proteins, fatty acids, and minerals.
- The composition of fish byproducts is similar to that of fish fillet and other food products used for consumption.
- Fish byproducts offer a significant and sustainable source of high-value bio-compounds, including collagen, peptides, chitin, polyunsaturated fatty acids, enzymes, and minerals.
- These compounds are suitable for biotechnological or pharmaceutical applications with high market value.
Collagen
- Collagen is a complex and abundant structural protein present in metazoa.
- Fibrillar collagen is the most abundant protein in vertebrates and plays a key role in the mechanical properties of bones, tendons, and skin.
- Collagen is used in the cosmetic, food, and beverage industry, and fish waste represents a huge and cheap source of collagen.
- The marine collagen market is expected to reach USD 983.84 million by 2025, growing at a Compound Annual Growth Rate of 7.4%.### Applications of Fish Collagen and Gelatin
- Fish collagen and gelatin have been used in various applications, including:
- Cartilage tissue engineering
- Bone regeneration
- Tissue-engineered oral mucosa
- Wound healing
- Food packaging and preservation
- Antioxidant activities
Collagen and Gelatin Extraction from Fish Waste
- Fish waste, including skins, scales, bones, and swim bladders, can be used to extract collagen and gelatin.
- Extraction methods include:
- Acid-alkaline hydrolysis
- Enzymatic hydrolysis
- Fermentation
- Purification steps may include:
- Ultrafiltration (UF)
- Nanofiltration (NF)
- Gel filtration (GF)
- Ion exchange chromatography (IEC)
- Reversed-phase HPLC
Bioactivities of Fish Peptides
- Fish peptides derived from fish hydrolysates have been found to have various bioactivities, including:
- Antimicrobial activities
- Antihypertensive activities
- Antioxidant activities
- Neuroprotective activities
- Peptides have been isolated from various fish species, including tilapia, turbot, and yellowfin tuna.
- Peptides have been found to be active against various microorganisms, including Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, and fungi.
Antimicrobial Activities of Fish Peptides
- Fish peptides have been found to have antimicrobial activities, including:
- Activity against Gram-negative bacteria, such as Aeromonas hydrophila and Salmonella enterica
- Activity against Gram-positive bacteria, such as Streptococcus iniae and Staphylococcus aureus
- Activity against fungi, such as Candida albicans
- Peptides have been found to have minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) or minimum effective concentration (MEC) values in the range of 1-10 μg/mL.
Antihypertensive Activities of Fish Peptides
- Fish peptides have been found to have antihypertensive activities, including:
- ACE inhibitory activity
- Antihypertensive effects on spontaneously hypertensive rats
- Peptides have been found to have IC50 values in the range of 1-100 μM.
Antioxidant Activities of Fish Peptides
- Fish peptides have been found to have antioxidant activities, including:
- Scavenging of free radicals
- Inhibition of lipid peroxidation
- Peptides have been found to have IC50 values in the range of 1-100 μM.
Market Size of Fish Protein Hydrolysates
-
The global market size of fish protein hydrolysates was estimated to be around USD 420 million in 2019.
-
The market is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.5% between 2020 and 2026.### Antioxidant Activity of Fish-Derived Peptides
-
Fish protein hydrolysates obtained from turbot S. maximus head, viscera, trimming, and frames showed antioxidant and antihypertensive activities.
-
Viscera hydrolysates containing peptides above 1000 Da and below 200 Da were the most active with scavenging activity of 65.15% (DPPH), 12.81 g BHT/mL (ABTS), 8.03 g Trolox/mL (Crocin), and 81.9% of ACE inhibitory activity.
-
Other peptides from fish skin, such as PYSFK, GFGPEL, and VGGRP from grass carp C. idella, showed antioxidant properties.
Peptides with Antioxidant and Anti-Hypertensive Activities
- Peptides from Spanish mackerel S. niphonius, such as PFGPD, PYGAKG, and YGPM, showed antioxidant properties.
- Peptides from blue leatherjacket N. septentrionalis, such as GSGGL, GPGGFI, and FIGP, showed antioxidant properties.
- Peptides from seabass L. calcarifer, such as GATGPQGPLGPR, VLGPF, and QLGLGPV, showed antioxidant properties.
- Peptides from Jumbo squid D. gigas, such as FDSGPAGVL and DGPLQAGQPGER, showed antioxidant properties.
Neuroprotective Activities
- QGYRPLRGPEFL isolated from Skate (R. kenojei) skin showed β-Secretase inhibitory activity.
- Collagen hydrolysates isolated from Salmon (O. keta) skin had anti-acetylcholinesterase activity, learning, and memory effects.
Cosmetic and Osteogenic Applications
- Fish collagen peptides have been used in cosmetics to improve skin wrinkles and elasticity.
- Collagen peptides from Pangasius hypophthalmus improved skin score, wrinkles, elasticity, hydration, radiance, and firmness.
- Collagen drink improved cell viability, mitochondrial activity, and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production.
Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Photoaging Activities
- Cod skin gelatin hydrolysates inhibited matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression in fibroblasts irradiated with UVB.
- Collagen tripeptide (167–333 mg/kg/day oral administration for 14 weeks) reduced wrinkle formation, skin thickening, and prevented UVB-induced MMP-3 and-13 expression.
Anti-Diabetic and Anti-Adipogenic Activities
- Peptides isolated from halibut H. stenolepis and tilapia O. niloticus showed anti-hyperglycemic activity.
- Daily administration of tilapia skin gelatin hydrolysate (750 mg/kg/day) for 30 days improved glucose tolerance in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
Anticoagulant and Osteogenic Activities
- Hydrolysates from frame of the sole L. aspera were the only one reported to have anticoagulant activity.
- Hydrolysed collagen promoted osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) which preserved their immunomodulation ability.
Global Use of Natural Resources
- The global use of natural resources has increased substantially, reaching 92.1 billion tons in 2017, a 254% increase from 27 billion tons in 1970.
- The rapid build-up in annual extraction has been observed since 2000.
- The concept of circular bioeconomy aims to enhance the value of material flows and achieve sustainable consumption and production.
Fish Waste and the Circular Bioeconomy
- The total fisheries and aquaculture production has shown a considerable increase of more than eightfold between 1954 and 2014.
- The growth in the global fish supply has increased, with an average annual growth rate of 3.2% from 1961 to 2016.
- World fish consumption per capita has increased from 9.0 kg in 1961 to 20.2 kg in 2015.
- The amount of fish waste has undergone a dramatic increase across the world.
- The expansion of consumption is driven by the reduction of wastage and the increase in production.
Circular Bioeconomy Era
- The circular bioeconomy is an integral part of the circular economy, aiming to achieve sustainability in terms of resources and environmental sustainability.
- The bioeconomy uses materials of biological origin and imitates or uses processes developed by nature to achieve an efficient use of resources.
- The European Commission defines bioeconomy as "the production of renewable biological resources and the conversion of these resources and waste streams into value-added products."
Fish Waste Valorization
- Fish waste is a promising source of products with high market value.
- The nutritional composition of fish waste allows it to supply plant nutrients or enrich compost.
- Fish waste has high concentration of biodegradable organics, which can be recycled as a co-substrate for waste activated sludge.
- More than 70% of the total fish caught is subjected to further processing, resulting in the production of large amounts of fish waste.
Fish Byproducts as a Source of High-Added Value Compounds
- Fish byproducts are a nutritionally important source of proteins, fatty acids, and minerals.
- The composition of fish byproducts is similar to that of fish fillet and other food products used for consumption.
- Fish byproducts offer a significant and sustainable source of high-value bio-compounds, including collagen, peptides, chitin, polyunsaturated fatty acids, enzymes, and minerals.
- These compounds are suitable for biotechnological or pharmaceutical applications with high market value.
Collagen
- Collagen is a complex and abundant structural protein present in metazoa.
- Fibrillar collagen is the most abundant protein in vertebrates and plays a key role in the mechanical properties of bones, tendons, and skin.
- Collagen is used in the cosmetic, food, and beverage industry, and fish waste represents a huge and cheap source of collagen.
- The marine collagen market is expected to reach USD 983.84 million by 2025, growing at a Compound Annual Growth Rate of 7.4%.### Applications of Fish Collagen and Gelatin
- Fish collagen and gelatin have been used in various applications, including:
- Cartilage tissue engineering
- Bone regeneration
- Tissue-engineered oral mucosa
- Wound healing
- Food packaging and preservation
- Antioxidant activities
Collagen and Gelatin Extraction from Fish Waste
- Fish waste, including skins, scales, bones, and swim bladders, can be used to extract collagen and gelatin.
- Extraction methods include:
- Acid-alkaline hydrolysis
- Enzymatic hydrolysis
- Fermentation
- Purification steps may include:
- Ultrafiltration (UF)
- Nanofiltration (NF)
- Gel filtration (GF)
- Ion exchange chromatography (IEC)
- Reversed-phase HPLC
Bioactivities of Fish Peptides
- Fish peptides derived from fish hydrolysates have been found to have various bioactivities, including:
- Antimicrobial activities
- Antihypertensive activities
- Antioxidant activities
- Neuroprotective activities
- Peptides have been isolated from various fish species, including tilapia, turbot, and yellowfin tuna.
- Peptides have been found to be active against various microorganisms, including Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, and fungi.
Antimicrobial Activities of Fish Peptides
- Fish peptides have been found to have antimicrobial activities, including:
- Activity against Gram-negative bacteria, such as Aeromonas hydrophila and Salmonella enterica
- Activity against Gram-positive bacteria, such as Streptococcus iniae and Staphylococcus aureus
- Activity against fungi, such as Candida albicans
- Peptides have been found to have minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) or minimum effective concentration (MEC) values in the range of 1-10 μg/mL.
Antihypertensive Activities of Fish Peptides
- Fish peptides have been found to have antihypertensive activities, including:
- ACE inhibitory activity
- Antihypertensive effects on spontaneously hypertensive rats
- Peptides have been found to have IC50 values in the range of 1-100 μM.
Antioxidant Activities of Fish Peptides
- Fish peptides have been found to have antioxidant activities, including:
- Scavenging of free radicals
- Inhibition of lipid peroxidation
- Peptides have been found to have IC50 values in the range of 1-100 μM.
Market Size of Fish Protein Hydrolysates
-
The global market size of fish protein hydrolysates was estimated to be around USD 420 million in 2019.
-
The market is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.5% between 2020 and 2026.### Antioxidant Activity of Fish-Derived Peptides
-
Fish protein hydrolysates obtained from turbot S. maximus head, viscera, trimming, and frames showed antioxidant and antihypertensive activities.
-
Viscera hydrolysates containing peptides above 1000 Da and below 200 Da were the most active with scavenging activity of 65.15% (DPPH), 12.81 g BHT/mL (ABTS), 8.03 g Trolox/mL (Crocin), and 81.9% of ACE inhibitory activity.
-
Other peptides from fish skin, such as PYSFK, GFGPEL, and VGGRP from grass carp C. idella, showed antioxidant properties.
Peptides with Antioxidant and Anti-Hypertensive Activities
- Peptides from Spanish mackerel S. niphonius, such as PFGPD, PYGAKG, and YGPM, showed antioxidant properties.
- Peptides from blue leatherjacket N. septentrionalis, such as GSGGL, GPGGFI, and FIGP, showed antioxidant properties.
- Peptides from seabass L. calcarifer, such as GATGPQGPLGPR, VLGPF, and QLGLGPV, showed antioxidant properties.
- Peptides from Jumbo squid D. gigas, such as FDSGPAGVL and DGPLQAGQPGER, showed antioxidant properties.
Neuroprotective Activities
- QGYRPLRGPEFL isolated from Skate (R. kenojei) skin showed β-Secretase inhibitory activity.
- Collagen hydrolysates isolated from Salmon (O. keta) skin had anti-acetylcholinesterase activity, learning, and memory effects.
Cosmetic and Osteogenic Applications
- Fish collagen peptides have been used in cosmetics to improve skin wrinkles and elasticity.
- Collagen peptides from Pangasius hypophthalmus improved skin score, wrinkles, elasticity, hydration, radiance, and firmness.
- Collagen drink improved cell viability, mitochondrial activity, and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production.
Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Photoaging Activities
- Cod skin gelatin hydrolysates inhibited matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression in fibroblasts irradiated with UVB.
- Collagen tripeptide (167–333 mg/kg/day oral administration for 14 weeks) reduced wrinkle formation, skin thickening, and prevented UVB-induced MMP-3 and-13 expression.
Anti-Diabetic and Anti-Adipogenic Activities
- Peptides isolated from halibut H. stenolepis and tilapia O. niloticus showed anti-hyperglycemic activity.
- Daily administration of tilapia skin gelatin hydrolysate (750 mg/kg/day) for 30 days improved glucose tolerance in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
Anticoagulant and Osteogenic Activities
- Hydrolysates from frame of the sole L. aspera were the only one reported to have anticoagulant activity.
- Hydrolysed collagen promoted osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) which preserved their immunomodulation ability.
Aquatic Waste Utilization
- Three main methods for utilizing aquatic waste: manufacturing fish meal/oil, producing silage, and using waste in organic fertilizer production.
- Norway is a world leader in aquatic waste utilization, with stringent guidelines for waste disposal and manufacturing of value-added products from waste.
Fish Meal and Oil
- Traditional fish meal manufacture involves comminution, cooking, and separation of oil and water from solids.
- Cooking process kills pathogenic and spoilage organisms, and ensures a sterile final product.
- Regulations in Norway and the EU ensure the safety of fish meal as an ingredient in aquaculture feeds.
- Special considerations are given to offal that may contain chemical residues, which must be heated to at least 90°C to prevent the survival of fish pathogens.
Fish Silage
- Fish silage is produced by acidification of fish waste using organic or mineral acids.
- The acid inhibits spoilage bacteria and generates lactic acid, which preserves the silage.
- Fish and shrimp silage is highly nutritious and can be fed as a protein supplement to various animals.
- Silage has been used successfully as a low-cost ingredient in aquaculture diets.
Compost and Other Products from Inedible Fish Waste
- Thermophilic fermentation is a process that breaks down complex materials, generates heat, and destroys pathogenic microorganisms.
- The process can be used to produce fertilizers and other useful end products.
- Commercial composting processes have been developed in Norway and Canada, which can eliminate a variety of human bacterial and viral pathogens.
Effects of Heat and pH on Survival of Aquaculture Pathogens
- Most bacterial fish diseases are spread through excretions of urine and faeces, and are killed by moderate heating, acidic environments, or enzymatic degradation.
- Heating protocols can be used to destroy bacterial pathogens, such as Aeromonas salmonicida, Mycobacterium chelonei, and Renibacterium salmoninarum.
- The survival of bacterial pathogens is affected by pH, with acidic conditions inhibiting or destroying some pathogens.
Viruses
- More research has been published on the transmission and survival of fish viral pathogens, such as infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) and infectious salmon anemia (ISA) viruses.
- The IPN virus can survive for over 4 months in acidified silage, and is resistant to enzymatic digestion and extremely low pH levels.
- The ISA virus is also resistant to acidic environments, and can be transmitted by parasitic "sea lice" from host to host.
Other Pathogens
- Fungi are perhaps of less significance in aquaculture "grow-out" facilities, but are more important in fish hatcheries.
- Fungi are more susceptible to physical and chemical treatment than bacteria or viruses.
- Prions, infectious agents responsible for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE), have been shown to be resistant to heat and may be a concern in aquaculture feeds.### Waste Treatment in Norway
- Norway produces 200,000 MT of conventional fishmeal and 80,000 MT of fish oil from the open sea fishery.
- 70% of the meal from the open sea fishery is used for aquaculture feeds, while 30% is used for domesticated farm animals.
- Fish oil is utilized for both aquaculture feed and for human consumption in a ratio of about 1:1.
- The production of waste by-products and transportation of aquaculture waste in Norway is regulated by the Ministry of Agriculture.
- Norwegian law requires separate processing facilities for aquaculture waste and "open sea" waste to minimize cross-contamination.
Regulations Concerning Fish Waste in Norway
- Animal offal is divided into two major categories: "high risk" and "low risk".
- High-risk offal includes farm animals that have died of disease, were destroyed to prevent the spread of disease, etc.
- Special regulations pertain to the handling of high-risk fish, including thermal destruction of biological hazards.
- High-risk offal containing harmful bacteria or viruses must be sterilized or incinerated.
- Low-risk offal refers to animal waste derived from the slaughter of healthy animals destined for human food chain.
Norwegian Microbiological Specifications
- Regulations concerning feed, technical, and pharmaceutical products, as well as products from sterilization plants and high-risk offal from aquaculture fish, include:
- Salmonella: None in 25g and n=5, c=0, m=0, M=0
- Enterobacteriaceae: n=5, c=2, m=10, M=300 per g
- Clostridium perfringens: None in a 1g sample
The Norwegian Approach to Dealing with Fish Offal
- The RUBIN foundation was established in 1990 to identify and fund waste elimination and waste utilization projects.
- The foundation's goal is to eliminate waste in environmentally acceptable ways, realize cost savings, and achieve commercial gain from waste processing.
- Projects include:
- Fish oil utilization: edible virgin cod liver oil is treated with an enzymatic process to give stability from oxidative rancidity.
- Pelleted wet fish feed: RUBIN has patented a process for the manufacture of a soft aquaculture feed.
- Processing of fish silage: companies such as Reiber & Sons process acid silage collected from all over Norway and abroad.
- Fine chemicals from the sea: companies such as KS Biotec-Mackzymal produce feed additives, immunostimulants, and enzymes from waste raw materials.
Aquaculture Waste Utilization
- Apart from common processes, there are unique possibilities for the utilization of shrimp and salmon processing waste, including:
- Fractionation and purification of pigments, lipids, and flavor components from shrimp processing waste.
- Salmon oil products, such as encapsulated omega-3 enriched health supplements.
- Salmon DNA extracted from roe and marketed to the pharmaceutical industry.
- Salmon skin tanned and used for products manufactured from fish leather.
This quiz covers the increasing global use of natural resources, its environmental impact, and the shift towards a circular bioeconomy to achieve sustainable consumption and production.
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