Surveying Fundamentals Quiz

The initial step in surveying involves making decisions about the most suitable methods, equipment, and the precise positions of targeted points.

Surveying involves gathering measurement data in the field. This includes using specialized equipment to record distances, angles, and elevations.

The recorded field data is used to perform calculations and determine the precise positions of surveyed points.

Surveying data is presented and visualized through maps, charts, and diagrams.

The final phase involves marking the surveyed locations with monuments (physical markers) or stakes.

The primary goal of surveying is to create detailed plans of properties, buildings, roads, and other infrastructure.

Geodetic surveying focuses on determining the precise coordinates of points on the Earth's surface, often covering large distances.

Topographical maps show the natural features of an area, including hills, valleys, rivers, and settlements.

A system of control points is established that covers the entire area with a higher degree of precision. Then, minor control points and details are further established with a lesser degree of precision.

The accuracy of a survey depends on the purpose and budget. Using the right method and instrument saves time and money.

Consistency in measurements and methods ensures reliable data. Using the same standards and procedures throughout the project is crucial.

Double-checking measurements and calculations ensures accuracy. Using independent methods or cross-checking with different instruments is key.

Before surveying, plan the project, identify obstacles, and select appropriate tools and methods.

A cross-shaped instrument used to determine lines and right angles.

An "A" frame with a plumb bob used for leveling.

A 20-foot straight edge with oil in a notch for leveling.

Repeating measurements and using consistent methods, equipment, and recording practices to ensure accuracy.

An independent check is a second, separate measurement taken to verify the accuracy of the initial measurement, minimizing errors.

Errors that can be identified and corrected. They have a consistent impact on measurements.

Errors caused by human factors like skill level or variations in measurement procedures. They are random and tend to cancel out.

Mistakes in surveying are large errors caused by human oversight or misunderstanding. They should be identified and corrected.

Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the true value of the object being measured.

Precision describes the level of detail and consistency in a measurement. It measures how close multiple measurements are to each other.

Professional ethics in surveying means adhering to high standards of honesty, integrity, and competence in every aspect of surveying work.

A surveying instrument that uses a telescope and a leveling mechanism to determine elevations.

A graduated rod used in conjunction with a level to measure vertical distances.

A surveying technique that uses satellites to determine precise coordinates, elevations, and distances. It is widely used for mapping, navigation, and engineering projects.

A receiver used in GPS surveying to capture signals from multiple satellites and calculate a position.

A measure of the geometric configuration of satellites used in GPS surveying. A good GDOP indicates a more precise position calculation.

A surveying instrument for measuring horizontal and vertical angles, used for tasks like determining distances, prolonging lines, and leveling. It's essential for laying out construction projects and creating maps.

A type of theodolite that utilizes a vernier scale for precise angle readings. This system allows for finer measurements than traditional scales.

A theodolite that incorporates optical lenses for measuring angles, offering clear and magnified viewing of target points. It's used for surveying and construction projects.

A modern theodolite with integrated electronic sensors and a display for displaying angle measurements electronically. It provides digital readings and often connects to computers.

A tool used in conjunction with a theodolite to determine distances. It is a graduated rod that is held vertically at the target point by a surveyor's assistant.

A surveying instrument that combines an electronic theodolite and an electronic distance measurement (EDM) system. It calculates horizontal and vertical distances and stores data for later use.

A total station that doesn't require an operator to be physically present at the instrument. It can be controlled remotely and automatically moves to target points with high precision.

Targets or prisms are required to accurately define the point being measured by a theodolite or total station.

The tape end loops refer to the metal rings that hold the end of the tape measure, while the zero point designates the starting point for measurements.

A steel tape is often preferred for its durability and accuracy, while a fiberglass tape is lighter, flexible, and less prone to breaking, making it more suitable for jobs requiring less precision or in challenging environments.

When applying tension to a steel tape measure, a rear chain person acts as an anchor, holding the 100' mark over the measurement point, while the head chain person applies the tension, typically between 12 and 30 pounds.

Tapes are standardized at 12 pounds of tension during manufacturing. However, greater tension is often applied in the field to compensate for sag and ensure accurate measurements.

When measuring on uneven ground, one end of the tape is raised to maintain a horizontal measuring plane. This technique allows accurate measurements even on uneven terrain.

If a high point exists in the middle of the measurement, the tape can be 'broken' by measuring to the top and then continuing the measurement forward. This avoids errors caused by uneven surfaces.

Tapes are standardized at specific temperature and tension conditions (68°F and 12 lbs). This standardization ensures consistency and accuracy in measurements.

Instrumental error occurs due to defects in the tape itself, natural error is caused by factors like temperature and wind, and personal error is attributed to human mistakes during measurement.