Surveying Fundamentals Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is a primary goal of surveying?

  • To analyze the geological features of a country
  • To construct buildings and roads
  • To find the absolute position of an object
  • To ascertain the relative position of a point or feature (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT an object of surveying?

  • Marking layout of proposed plans
  • Finding natural or artificial features of a country
  • Determining the weather patterns of a region (correct)
  • Preparing maps with suitable scales

    • What does surveying primarily involve?

  • Calculating land value
  • Linear and angular measurements (correct)
  • Only linear measurements
  • Assessing environmental impact

    • How does surveying contribute to urban planning?

    <p>By defining maps and layouts for proposed buildings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the importance of scale in surveying?

    <p>It helps represent objects accurately on maps.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the level line in mapping?

    <p>An imaginary line parallel to the earth's surface and perpendicular to the plumb line.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the horizontal plane?

    <p>A plane tangential to the earth's surface and perpendicular to the plumb line.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for scale in mapping?

    <p>Scale = Map distance (cm) / Ground distance (km)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of scale in mapping?

    <p>Cartesian Scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In relation to the plumb line, how is the vertical plane defined?

    <p>A plane parallel to the plumb line and perpendicular to the horizontal plane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the Earth primarily considered to be when conducting calculations?

    <p>True spherical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the plumb bob primarily used for?

    <p>Transferring a vertical line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms describes the circle formed by the maximum diameter of the Earth?

    <p>Great circle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference in kilometers between the major axis and minor axis of the Earth?

    <p>21.5 km</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the curved surface parallel to the spherical Earth's surface referred to?

    <p>Level surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a numerical scale represent?

    <p>The relationship between distance on a map and actual distance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of numerical scale provides more precision in measurements?

    <p>Vernier Scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a type of numerical scale?

    <p>Horizontal Scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What measurement units are typically used for a Vernier Scale?

    <p>Millimeters and centimeters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scale would be considered a graphical scale?

    <p>Horizontal Scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one characteristic of a graphical scale?

    <p>It can show small variations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of graphical scale is associated with horizontal integration?

    <p>Map.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common purpose of a graphical scale?

    <p>To provide clarity to dimensions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best relates to the accuracy of graphical scales?

    <p>Graphical scales are less accurate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a 'plan' refer to in the context of graphical scales?

    <p>A horizontal projection of a specific area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for direct variation?

    <p>$L.C. = S.S.V$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which formula is used to find the length of one division?

    <p>$L.C. = rac{S.S.V}{n}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the formula $L.C. = rac{V.S.}{n}$ represent?

    <p>The length of one division in inverse variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the relationship between the main scale and the Vernier scale in direct variation?

    <p>The divisions on the main scale and Vernier scale are equal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general relation formula for length of one division?

    <p>$L.C. = rac{a}{n}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the representative fraction indicate in surveying?

    <p>The ratio of a map distance to ground distance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does an engineering scale function in surveying?

    <p>It converts ground distances without the need for calculations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the diagram described, what does the survey station represent?

    <p>The origin point for survey measurements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the survey line indicate in the context of surveying?

    <p>It is a reference line for measurements in the survey</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is typically represented in a surveying diagram?

    <p>Points of interest like houses and paths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required to locate a new station accurately?

    <p>At least two measurements from a known reference point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should a new station be fixed according to measurement principles?

    <p>With a minimum of two measurement lines or references</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to accurately take measurements during mapping?

    <p>To ensure the integrity of the mapping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of the triangle in the provided diagram?

    <p>It illustrates the relationships between known and unknown points.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of drawing a plan with a suitable scale in mapping?

    <p>To provide a clear representation of the area being mapped.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of the principle in surveying?

    <p>It eliminates significant errors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is referred to as cumulative error in surveying?

    <p>The gradual accumulation of small errors over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the secondary classification of surveying?

    <p>It is based on the curvature of the Earth's surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of surveying mentioned?

    <p>Spherical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the accuracy of measurements be verified in surveying?

    <p>Using the inverse process for checking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of surveying does not consider the curvature of the Earth's surface?

    <p>Plane Surveying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the new area if Area (A) is 250 km² and Area (B) is less than 360 km²?

    <p>270 km²</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the length in mm equivalent to 5 km according to the provided conversions?

    <p>15 mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If Area (A) is greater than 800 km², what is the value of Area (A)?

    <p>1000 km²</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long is the length A defined as in kilometers?

    <p>12 km</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Surveying Fundamentals

    • Surveying determines the relative positions of points or features above or below the surface, creating maps and plans.
    • It involves linear and angular measurements to define relative positions.

    Objects of Surveying

    • Determine relative positions of objects/points.
    • Prepare maps/plans at a suitable scale.
    • Mark out proposed plans (e.g., building plans).
    • Identify natural and artificial features of an area.

    Earth's Shape

    • The Earth is oblate, ellipsoidal, and ovoid.
    • The difference between the major and minor axes is 21.5 km.
    • For calculations, the Earth is often considered a true sphere.

    Plumb Bob

    • A plumb bob verifies verticality or transfers a vertical line.

    Great Circle

    • A great circle is formed by the Earth's maximum diameter; multiple great circles exist.

    Level Surface

    • A level surface is parallel to the Earth's (geoid) surface.

    Level Line

    • A level line is imaginary, parallel to the Earth's surface, and perpendicular to the plumb line.

    Horizontal Plane

    • A horizontal plane is tangential to the Earth's surface, perpendicular to the plumb line.

    Vertical Plane

    • A vertical plane is parallel to the plumb line and perpendicular to the horizontal plane.

    Scale

    • Scale = Map distance (cm) / Ground distance (km)

    Types of Scales

    • Numerical scale (e.g., plain, diagonal, Vernier)
    • Graphical scale (horizontal and vertical)

    Numerical Scale

    • Represents the ratio between map and ground distances. Example: 1 cm : 16 km.

    Graphical Scale

    • Represents distances visually, useful for showing small variations. Less precise than numerical scales.
    • Types include map scales (horizontal integration) and plan scales (horizontal projection).

    Vernier Scale

    • Provides precise measurements by comparing main and Vernier scale divisions.
    • Direct variation: Main scale and Vernier divisions match. Formula: LC = SSV
    • Inverse variation: Main and Vernier divisions don't match. Formula: LC = VS/n.

    Vernier Scale Formulas

    • Length of one division: LC = SSV/n
    • Vernier scale length: LC = VS - SSV
    • Circle length: LC = s(m1)/m2 (v = r(m1)/n)
    • General relation: LC = a/n

    Engineering Scale

    • Measures 1 cm to any length of ground distance.

    Representative Fraction

    • Ratio of map distance to ground distance in the same unit.

    Principle of Surveying (Working from Whole to Parts)

    • The whole area enclosed by main stations and small traverse lines accurately represents the divided area. Measurements from known reference points are needed to locate new stations.

    Classification of Surveying

    • Primary classification is based on the curvature of the Earth's surface (Plane surveying and Geodetic surveying).
    • Secondary classification can be based on other factors.

    Plane Surveying

    • Ignores the Earth's curvature.

    Cumulative Error

    • Small errors accumulate over time, becoming significant. Inverse processes help in checking.

    Area Calculation Examples

    • Area (A) > 800 km²: A = 250 km²
    • Area (B) < 360 km²: New Area = A + 10 km²

    Length Calculations Examples

    • A = 12 km, B = 0.2 km
    • Curvilinear lengths: 1 km = 10 mm, 5 km = 15 mm, 19 km = 15.2 mm

    Local Cause (In context of surveying errors)

    • Disturbances manifest where they originate, requiring local investigation and correction.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the essential concepts of surveying, including the methods and tools used to determine the positions of points on Earth's surface. Topics include the Earth's shape, the use of a plumb bob, and the significance of great circles. Test your understanding of these fundamental principles.

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