Survey of English and American Literature

• Survey of English and American Literature is a one-semester course.
• The course aims to give students an appreciation for English and American poetry, fiction, and drama.
• It presents the achievements of classic American writers within their historical context.
• Students will read and discuss representative works from authors like Thomas Paine, Thomas Jefferson, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Walt Whitman, and Emily Dickinson.
• The course aims to develop analytic power, literary insight, and a deeper understanding of the main currents of American thought.

Course Objectives

• Students will read, analyze, and understand important texts of American literature.
• Write personal analyses and notes on observations regarding styles, content and connections to other texts
• Students will write essays in MLA style on approved topics related to English and American literature.
• Students will identify and explain the historical, cultural, and literary connections between texts.
• Students will identify the roles of religion, government, and nature as they relate to American literature.
• Students will compose coherent, well-written essays in in-class exams.

Introduction: English vs. American Literature

• The similarities and differences between English and American literature are subjects of ongoing debate.
• Differences exist in style, grammar, and language.
• National literature is connected with national history.
• English literature emerged earlier, in the 10th century, as compared to American literature, which dates back to the 17th century.
• English is considered richer due to its history.
• Many consider English literature to be deeper, however, it is not always true.
• Globally known US writers include J. F. Cooper, J. D. Salinger, Jack London, E. A. Poe, Mark Twain, Scott Fitzgerald, W. Faulkner, Ernest Hemingway and Stephen King.
• English literature offers a wider list of well-known writers, including Shakespeare, Bronte, Lord Byron, Kipling, Dickens, Austin, Rowling, Woolf, Tolkien, Orwell, and Collins.
• British writers use classical British English with a richer vocabulary.
• American writer language is simultaneously simpler, more accessible, and more modern than original British English.
• American literature tends to focus on politics, economics, and social status.
• Satire, sarcasm, and cynicism are common in American works.
• "The Catcher in the Rye" and "The Great Gatsby" use language as a vehicle of protest.
• British literature often invokes romance, human values, ideals, and manners.
• Class differences are often discussed or referenced in British literature.
• English writers' works are thought to come "from the heart," while American writers are considered more cool-headed and cynical.
• Diversity exists within both British and American writers.
• Comparing novels within English literature or American literature from the same period may be useful.
• English writers emphasize culture and manners.
• American writers discuss American history and social issues.
• Early American works involve religion and politics.
• American writers of the 17th century invoked Puritanical morals.
• In the 18th century, revolutionary topics prevailed in American style.
• American writers often described events during the development of the country.
• Margaret Mitchell's "Gone with the Wind" describes the American Civil War.
• Mark Twain's “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn” Describes slavery.
• English literature is unimaginable without William Shakespeare.
• Shakespeare wrote historical plays, tragedies, and comedies.
• The Romanticism Period gave the world Robert Burns and George Byron.
• Later, historical novels emerged with Walter Scott's "Ivanhoe."
• Prominent English contributions to children's literature include "Alice's Adventure in Wonderland" by Lewis Carroll and the Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling.

Grammar Differences

• The English language is considered classic, while American English is more modern.
• US writers simplify the English language by removing letters from words.
• "Color" is written instead of "colour", and "neighbor" instead of "neighbour."
• Americans simplify irregular verbs by forming the Past Simple Tense by adding –ed.
• In British English, the suffix -t is added.
• Americans use the ending -iz rather than –is such as capitalize instead of capitalise.
• Singular conjugation is used in American literature.
• British creators pair up collective nouns with plural verbs.
• Tendency to shorten or abbreviate words is common in American style.
• Modern writers tend to simplify the language
• English creators follow classical, conventional traditions in writing.

Punctuation Differences

• Using a comma in listings is typical for American literature.
• Classical writers prefer to leave quotation marks outside.
• Writers in the UK use single quotation marks rather than double marks.

Old English Period

• Ecclesiastical History of the English People was written by The Venerable Bede (673-735).
• Bede is considered the Father of English History and the greatest Anglo-Saxon scholar.
• The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle traces the annals that chronicle Anglo-Saxon history, life, and culture after the Roman invasion.
• Alfred the Great (848-899), king of Wessex from 871-899, championed Anglo-Saxon culture by writing in his native tongue and encouraging translations from Latin into Old English.
• The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle began during his reign.
• Cædmon's Hymn (7th century) written by an unlearned cowherd produces a nine-line alliterative praise poem in honor of God after recieving the gift of poetic song by vision.
• Fates of the Apostles is an Old English Christian poem popularized by Cynewulf in the 8th century.
• Beowulf is the national epic of England.
• It appears in the Nowell Codex manuscript from the 8th to 11th century.
• The poem blends Christianity and paganism.
• It is a long narrative poem about the exploits of a supernatural hero.
• Dream of the Rood, preserved in the 10th-century Vercelli book, is one of the earliest Christian poems.
• It uses a dream vision to narrate the death and resurrection of Christ from the perspective of the Cross or Rood.
• The Battle of Brunanburg is a heroic Old English poem that records the triumph of the English against the combined forces of the Scots, Vikings, and Britons in AD 937.
• The Battle of Maldon recounts the fall of the English army led by Birhtnoth in the hands of Viking invaders in AD 991.
• The Wanderer is a lyric poem composed of 115 lines of alliterative verse.
• It reminisces about a wanderer's past glory and solitary exile upon the loss of his kinsmen in battles.
• The Seafarer is an Old English lyric in the Exeter Book that recounts the perils of seafaring and ends with praise of God.

Middle English Period

• Everyman is regarded as the best of the morality plays.
• It talks about Everyman facing Death, summoning the help of all his friends, but only Good Deeds is able to help him.
• Characters exemplify abstractions like Everyman, Death, and Good Deeds, making the play allegorical in nature.
• Allegory describes objects, persons, and actions in a narrative, with meanings that lie outside the narrative itself.
• Meaning can have moral, social, religious, or political significance, and characters are often personifications of abstract ideas.
• English and Scottish ballads preserve local events, beliefs, and characters in an easily remembered form with repetition, and a recurrent phrase.
• Sir Patrick Spens is about Sir Patrick's death by drowning.
• Early ballads are anonymous works transmitted orally.
• Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the best example of Middle Ages romance by the Pearl Poet (14th century).
• Medieval Romance idealizes knight errantry depicting chivalrous knights engaged in protecting their King and paying homage to their lady love.
• The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer showcases stories told by 29 pilgrims on their way to the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket at Canterbury.
• The collection presents a microcosm of Middle English society.
• Le Morte d'Arthur by Sir Thomas Mallory revolves around the life and adventures of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table.

The Renaissance (16th Century)

• Doctor Faustus by Christopher Marlowe, is the sum total of the intellectual aspirations of the Renaissance.
• Faustus sells his soul to the devil in exchange for power and knowledge.
• The Faerie Queene by Edmund Spenser is an elaborate allegory in honor of Queen Elizabeth I.
• Each verse in the Spenserian stanza contains nine lines, with the rhyme scheme ababbcbc-cdcdee.
• The Spenserian sonnet consists of three quatrains and a concluding couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab-bcbd-cdcd-ee.
• Song to Celia is a love poem written by Ben Jonson.
• The King James Bible is one of the supreme achievements of the English Renaissance, published in 1611.
• It is known as the Authorized Version.
• Shakespearean Sonnets (Elizabethan or English sonnets) are composed of three quatrains and one heroic couplet with the rhyme scheme abab-cdcd-efef-gg.
• William Shakespeare wrote more than 35 plays, 154 sonnets, and 2 narrative poems which include “Venus and Adonis” and “The Rape of Lucrece.”

Key Shakespeare Plays

• Tragedies: Antony and Cleopatra, Coriolanus, Hamlet, Julius Caesar, King Lear, Macbeth, Othello, Romeo and Juliet, Timon of Athens, Titus Andronicus.
• Comedies: All's Well That Ends Well, As You Like It, The Merchant of Venice, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Much Ado About Nothing, Taming of the Shrew, The Tempest, Twelfth Night, and Two Gentlemen of Verona, Winter's Tale
• Historical Plays: Henry IV Parts 1 & 2, Henry V, Henry VI Parts 1-3, Henry VIII, King John, Richard II and Richard III.

Quotable Shakespeare Quotes

• "The play's the thing wherein I'll catch the conscience of the king." - Hamlet
• "All the world's a stage, and all the men and women merely players." - As You Like It
• “Good Night, Good night! Parting is such sweet sorrow, that I shall say good night till it be morrow”. - Romeo and Juliet
• “What is in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet”. - Romeo and Juliet
• “If you prick us, do we not bleed? if you tickle us, do we not laugh?". - The Merchant of Venice
• “Cowards die many times before their deaths; The valiant never taste of death but once”. - Julius Caesar
• “How sharper than a serpent's tooth it is to have a thankless child!” - King Lear
• “Out, out, brief candle! Life's but a walking shadow". - Macbeth
• “But love is blind, and lovers cannot see/ The petty follies that themselves commit”. - Merchant of Venice
• “The fool doth think he is wise, but the wise man knows himself to be a fool". - As You Like It

The Age of Reason (17th Century)

• The Essays (Francis Bacon) are the greatest literary contribution of the 17th century.
• Francis Bacon is hailed as the Father of Inductive Reasoning and the Father of the English Essay.

Quotes from Bacon

• "Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed".- Of Studies
• “He that hath wife and children hath given hostages to fortune". - Of Marriage and Single Life
• “Wives are young men's mistresses, companions for middle age, and old men's nurses”. - Of Marriage and Single Life
• “Children sweeten labors; but they make misfortunes more bitter". - Of Parents and Children
• "If a man will begin with certainties, he shall end in doubts". - Advancement of Learning
• The Pilgrim's Progress (John Bunyan) is an allegory that shows Christian tormented by spiritual anguish.
• Evangelist urges him to leave the City of Destruction to seek salvation can only be found in the Celestial City. -Christian embarks on a journey and meets characters before reaching the Celestial City. -Allegory is a story illustrating an idea or a moral principle in which objects and characters take on symbolic meanings external to the narrative.
• Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained (John Milton). -Paradise Lost is an epic poem in blank verse that tells of the fall of the angels and of the creation of Adam and Eve and their temptation by Satan in the Garden of Eden. -Paradise Regained centers on the temptation of Christ and the thirst for the word of God.
• Holy Sonnets (John Donne) -Metaphysical Poetry uses conceits or farfetched similes and metaphors to startle the reader.
• Easter Wings and the Altar (George Herbert) -Concrete poems deal with man's thirst for God and with God's abounding love.
• Cavalier Poems are elegent, refined, and courtly culture poems popularized by Thomas Carew, Richard Lovelace, Sir John Suckling and Robert Herrick. -Poems are often erotic and espouse carpe diem, "seize the day."

The Restoration (18th Century) Jonathan Swift (1667-1745) wrote bitter pamphlets

• A Modest Proposal suggests that Irish babies be fattened for sale as meat, since the English were eating the Irish people anyhow through heavy taxation.
• Gulliver's Travels is a satire on human folly, but people are entertained by the tiny Lilliputians and the huge Brobdingnagians, and do not bother with the satire on human pettiness.
• Alexander Pope (1688-1744) published an exposition of the rules of the classical school in the form of a poem An Essay on Criticism.
  • The Rape of the Lock mockingly describes a furious fight when a young man snips off a lock of Belinda's hair. -Pope wrote in heroic couplets.
• Thomas Gray (1716-71) wrote Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard, expressing concern for lowly folk.
• Henry Fielding (1707-54) is known for his Tom Jones, which tells the story of a young foundling who wins his lady.
• Laurence Sterne (1713-68) wrote Tristram Shandy, showcasing loosely organized funny episodes in the life of Shandy in nine volumes.
• Oliver Goldsmith (1728-74) wrote "She Stoops to Conquer" a comedy of manners that satirizes the 18th Century aristocracy.

The Romantic Movement

• In the Preface to Lyrical Ballads, William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge declared that poetry should express genuine language and experience as filtered through personal emotion and imagination with nature the truest experience.
• Romanticism involves Imagination, and intuition shift from faith to senses, feelings, and imagination. -It moves from urban society to an interest in rural and natural subjects, from public, impersonal poetry to subjective poetry, and from the mundane to the mysterious and infinite.
• Concern for nature has authors began to take an interest in legends, folk ballads, antiquities, ruins, and characters. -Many writers gave more play to their senses and their imagination.
• Romantic described rural scenes, graveyards, mountains, and waterfalls and wrote poems and stories of eerie or supernatural things like ghosts, haunted castles, fairies, and mad folk.
• Robert Burns (1759-96) is the national poet of Scotland known for his work both in Standard English and in Scot's dialect.
• Gothic writers such as Horace Walpole (The Castle of Otranto), Ann Radcliffe (The Mysteries of Udolpho) and Matthew Gregory Lewis (The Monk) crafted stories of terror and imagination during the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th.
• Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley (1797-1851) followed the Gothic tradition in her Frankenstein.
• William Blake (1757-1827) devoted his life to freedom and universal love. He wrote, illustrated and printed his books.
• Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834) wrote about sinning and redemption in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
• William Wordsworth (1770-1850) and Coleridge released Lyrical Ballads, which signaled the beginning of English Romanticism. Wordsworth poems include which he vividly reflects beauty in realities of nature.
• Charles Lamb (1775-1834) wrote Essays including Dissertation on Roast Pig, and Shakespeare's plays into stories for children in Tales from Shakespeare.
• Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832) wrote poems and novels such as The Lay of the Last Minstrel and The Lady of the Lake, along with 32 novels which include Guy Mannering and Ivanhoe
• Jane Austen (1775-1817) wrote realistic novels about English middle-class people, and Pride and Prejudice and her best-known work.
• George Gordon Byron (1788-1824) was a critic of the evils of his time and remembered for his poems including Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, She Walks in Beauty, and The Prisoner of Chillon.
• Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822), along with John Keats, established the tradition of romantic verse writing Prometheus Unbound, The Cloud, To a Skylark, and Ode to the West Wind.
• John Keats (1795-1821) believed that true happiness is found in art and natural beauty.
• Keats said “Ode to a Nightingale” was an example of “negative capability," describing it as the moment of artistic inspiration.

The Victorian Age

• Major Victorian Poets shifted from the personal expression of the Romantic writers to objective surveying of the problems of human life.
• Alfred Tennyson (1809-92) wrote seriously with a high moral purpose in Idylls of the King, Locksley Hall, In Memoriam, and Maud
• Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806-1861) wrote love poems in Sonnets from the Portuguese written secretly while Robert Browning was courting her.
• Robert Browning (1812-89) wrote dramatic monologues (a long speech by an imaginary character used to expose pretense) known for My Last Duchess, Fra Lippo Lippi, and Andrea del Sarto
• The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood rebelled against the traditions that came after painter Raphael. Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1828-1882) and Christina Georgina Rossetti (1830-1894) wrote in this tradition.

Victorian Novelists

• Charles Dickens (1812-1870) became a master of color in The Pickwick Papers. He is considered England's best-loved novelist, writing Great Expectations, Hard Times, Oliver Twist, A Christmas Carol, A Tale of Two Cities.
• William Makepeace Thackeray (1811-1863) satirized manners reflecting distaste for sham, hypocrisy, stupidity, optimism, and self-seeking in Vanity Fair with its heroine, Becky Sharp.
• Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855) of Jane Eyre, Emily Bronte (1818-1848) of Wuthering Heights, and Anne Bronte (1820-1849) wrote romantic novels, especially powerful personal stories of characters isolated from the rest of the world.
• George Eliot (1819-80) known for Silas Marner and Middlemarch.
• Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) wrote philosophical books with a naturalist attitude including T"he Return of the Native, Tess of d'Urbervilles, Mayor of Casterbridge to Jude the Obscure"show the senselessness of human's struggle against the forces of natural environment, social convention, and biological heritage.
• Samuel Butler (1835-1902) explored the relationships between parents and children illustrating limits to development in his novel The Way of All Flesh
• Robert Louis Stevenson (1850-94) wrote adventure stories such as Treasure Island, Kidnapped, and The Master of Ballantrae, as well as "David Balfour" and "The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde".
• Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936) satirized the English military and administrative classes in India, and wrote Barrack Room Ballads, Soldiers Three, The Jungle Books, and Captains Courageous.
• Lewis Carroll (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson) (1832-98) combines fantasy and satire in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through a Looking Glass.

19th Century Drama

• Oscar Wilde (1854-1900) famous for his Importance of Being Earnest.
• George Bernard Shaw wrote plays showing attacks on Victorian prejudices and attitudes.

Modern English Literature

• John Galsworthy (1867-1933) depicted upper English family life and changing family values in The Forsyte Saga.
• H.G. Wells (1866-1946) wrote science fiction such as The Time Machine, The Island of Dr. Moreau, and The War of the Worlds, and social satires criticizing the middle-class life of England such as Tono-Bungay which attacks commercial advertising.
• Joseph Conrad (1857-1924) wrote The Nigger of the Narcissus and Lord Jim where he depicts characters beset by obsessions.
• E.M. Forster (1879-1970) wrote A Passage to India that shows the lives of Englishmen in India.

Early 20th-Century Poetry

A.E. Housman (1859-1936) was an anti-Victorian who echoed the pessimism, in his Shropshire Lad where nature is unkind and people struggle without hope. William Butler Yeats (1865-1939), John Millington Synge (1871-1909),and Lord Dunsany (1878-1957) were Irish dramatists who helped found the Abbey Theatre.

Writers after the World Wars

WWI brought discontentment due to the knowledge that progress had not saved the world from war. Fiction shifted from novels of the human comedy to novels of characters and focused more on character than plot. William Somerset Maugham (1874-1965) focused on drifters in his Of Human Bondage D.H. Lawrence (1885-1930) explored themes as human desire, sexuality, and instinct alongside the dehumanizing effects of modernity and industrialization in his Sons and Lovers, Women in Love, The Plumed Serpent, and Lady Chatterley's Lover. James Joyce (1882-1941) used the technique stream of consciousness in his novels as Ulysses, Finnegans Wake, and in his semi-autobiographical novel The Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man'. Virginia Woolf (1882-1941) believed reality, or consciousness, is a stream, and is immersion in the flow of that stream. She is known for Mrs. Dalloway and To the Lighthouse. Aldous Huxley (1894-1963) wrote Point Counter Point, Brave New World, and After Many a Summer Dies the Swan where he showed his cynicism of the contemporary world. William Golding (born 1911) won the Nobel Prize revealing naturalist and religious themes of original sin in his Lord of the Flies George Orwell (1903-50) wrote Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four. Graham Greene (1904-91) wrote novels with Catholic themes like Brighton Rock, The Heart of the Matter, The End of the Affair and The Power and the Glory, The Quiet American, Our Man in Havana, A Burnt-Out Case, The Human Factor, and Monsignor Quixote. Kingsley Amis discontentment made Lucky Jim is the story of Jim Dixon, who rises from a lower-class background only to find all the positions at the top of the social ladder filled. Anthony Burgess (born 1917) wrote A Clockwork Orange combining wit, moral earnestness, and touches of the bizarre. Doris Lessing (born 1919) wrote novels including The Grass is Singing and The Golden Notebook, and won the 2007 Nobel Prize for Literature. Salman Rushdie wrote Midnight's Children and The Satanic Verses which prompted Ayatollah Khomeini to issue a fatwa against him as Muslims considered the book blasphemous.

American Literature

• Christopher Columbus funded by Ferdinand and Isabella, wrote the "Epistola," printed in 1493 which recounts his voyages.
• Captain John Smith led the Jamestown colony and wrote about Pocahontas.

Colonial Period in New England

• William Bradford (1590-1657) wrote Of Plymouth Plantation and the Mayflower Compact.
• Anne Bradstreet (c. 1612-1672) wrote the first book of poems by an American woman, "The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America" (1650).
• Edward Taylor (c. 1644-1729) wrote funeral elegies, lyrics, a medieval "debate," and a 500-page Metrical History of Christianity.
• Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758) delivered the sermon, Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God.
• Puritans believed in God's ultimate sovereignty in granting grace and salvation through Works, Grace, and Redemption.

The American Enlightenment

• Enlightenment thinkers advocated for justice, liberty, and equality.
• Characteristics included rationality, scientific inquiry, and representative government.
• Benjamin Franklin embodied Enlightenment ideals (1706-1790).
• He used the pseudonym Poor Richard or Richard Saunders.
• Thomas Paine (1737-1809) wrote Common Sense.
• Philip Freneau (1752-1832) was the Poet of the American Revolution using European Romanticism in his lyric The Wild Honeysuckle.
• Washington Irving (1789-1859) published The Sketch Book of Geoffrye Crayon containing Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.
• James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851) created tales like "Leather Stocking" and the frontiersman, Natty Bumppo.
• Phillis Wheatley (c. 1753-1784) was the first African -American author who wrote of religious themes, To S.M., a Young African Painter, on Seeing His Works and On Being Brought from Africa to America.

The Romantic Period, 1820-1860

• Transcendentalism: a reaction against 18th-century rationalism.
• The movement was based on the belief in the unity of the world and God, or Transcendentalism.
• Ralph Waldo Emerson called for American individualism.
• he wrote "Self-Reliance," saying "A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds."
• Nature discusses a new national vision.
• Henry David Thoreau wrote Walden, or Life in the Woods based on nature, in a cabin he built at Walden Pond.
• Walt Whitman championed individualism Leaves of Grass with Song of Myself.
• Emily Dickinson found inspiration in the New England countryside, writing 1,775 poems.

The Brahmin Poets

• Boston Brahmin poets fused American and European traditions.
• Henry Wadsworth Longfellow legends with Evangeline, The Song of Hiawatha, and The Courtship of Miles Standish.
• Oliver Wendell Holmes was a physician verses in (The Deacon's Masterpiece, or The Wonderful One-Hoss Shay).

Fiction of the Romantic Period, 1820-1860: Fiction

• Nathaniel Hawthorne set his stories in Puritan New England, including The Scarlet Letter.
• Herman Melville wrote tales of the sea voyages.
• Edgar Allan Poe prefigured science fiction, horror, and fantasy writing Anabel Lee, The Raven, and The Bell.
• Sojourner Truth epitomized the women reformers.
• Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote "Uncle Tom's Cabin" that inflamed the debate that led to the U.S. Civil War (1861-1865).

Era of Realism

• Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain) (1835-1910) was known for his pen name Mark Twain grew up in the Mississippi River town of Hannibal, Missouri.
• Hemingway said that of American literature Huckleberry Finn showed.
• Twain's style is real.
  • Huckleberry Finn about rebirth and initiation.
• Bret Harte (1836-1902) was remembered as a local colorist. James wrote with an "international theme" He explored in his novels relationships between naive Americans and cosmopolitan Europeans in "The American, Daisy Miller," and "The Portrait of a Lady." -He said art, make interest, makes importance
• Edith Wharton (1862-1937) best novels include The House of Mirth and The Age of Innocence, centered on the decline of Wealthy in New York.
• Stephen Crane (1871-1900) was a journalist The Blue Hotel, exemplified realism.
• wrote The Red Badge of Courage: the psychological turmoil of a coward. Maggie, A Girl of the Streets is naturalistic.
• Jack London (1876-1916) became the highest paid writer in the United States due to his novels and works. Theodore Dreiser (1871-1945) explored the dangers of the American dream in his 1925 novel An American Tragedy.
• Muckraking novels like The Jungle painted the squalor of the Chicago meat-packing houses.

The turn of 19th and 20th century novelists

• Willa Cather (1873-1947) grew up on the Nebraska prairie with neighbor Rosicky. She was known for writing Visions of alternative life in the American southwest in Death Comes for the Archbishop.
• Carl Sandburg (1878-1967) was a poet and Journalist reminiscent of Walt Whitman, writing evocative poems and simple lyrics.
• Edwin Arlington Robinson (1869-1935) known for dramatic monologues.
• These Monologues Include” Luke Havergal and a wealthy man who commits suicide, Rich Cory.”

Modernism and Experimentation

• Gertrude Stein called this era The lost generation- due to the instability from the wars which causes America to lose its own sense of identity.
• Freudian psychology was a central idea.
• Henry James experimented with fictional points of view.
• James and Faulkner would attempt new styles of novels and poetry.
• Ezra Pound (1885-1972) known for best clear visual images "In a Station of the Metro""
• T.S. Eliot (1888-1965) remembered for his objective correlative. Robert Frost was very sound with senses
• William Carlos Williams (1883-1963) championed the use of colloquial speech about working-class people
• Edward Estlin Cummings (1894-1962) wrote innovative verse marked by humor.
• Langston Hughes (1902-1967) embraced African-American jazz.

Modernist Writers

• F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940) known for novels set in the great American dream, is disillusionment.
• Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961) received the Nobel Prize.
• William Faulkner (1897-1962) experimented with narrative including his imaginative landscape such as Yoknapatawpha County.
• Sinclair Lewis (1885-1951) was the first American to win the Nobel Prize who his incisive presentation of American life and his criticism of American materialism, narrowness, and hypocrisy.
• John Steinbeck (1902-1968) received the Nobel Prize is story is "The Death of an Okalhoman Family."
• Sylvia Plath (1932-1963) was an American poet who wrote about a woman trap and is known for "The Bell Jar."
• Richard Wright wanted to educate with hard education.
• He wrote the autobography "Black Boy"
• Nora Neal wrote Harlem.
• Eugene O'Neil: 1st play write to get a Nobel prize for literature.

1950’s

• The decade saw after modernizing.
• Lonenliness was a key theme during this period .
• Ralph will is also one highly aalimed Book, the invisable man with a Sub existence underneath a company.
• Eudora was comidic of the grotesque.
• Soul was more interested to be here and this day.
• Car rock and best known wrote an road novel.
• Noramal maler wrote an.
• NonFiction in Miami and.
• Tony marr won the Nobel Literature
• Alice Walker used an realistics
• My angle out had mother daughter connection.