Surgical Significance and Immune Response Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What role do Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) play in the immune response?

They are released exclusively from healthy cells.

They only interact with adaptive immune cells.

They promote activation and recruitment of immune cells following injury. (correct)

They inhibit the activation of immune cells.

Which of the following is a well-characterized DAMP mentioned in the content?

High Mobility Group Protein B1 (HMGB1) (correct)

Interleukins

Cytokines

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)

What happens to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in the context of immune response?

It promotes healing in all circumstances.

It triggers an inflammatory response to necrosis and cellular stress. (correct)

It acts as a suppressor of the inflammasome.

It decreases immune cell recruitment.

What triggers the synthesis of C-reactive protein (CRP)?

IL-6 Signup and view all the answers

How is the systemic inflammatory response compared to a car?

It can be sped up and stopped as needed. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes when DAMPs are released?

Following tissue and cellular injury. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of DAMPs such as F-actin?

Recognized by DNGR-1 receptor for dead cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of HMGB1 in the context of injury?

To activate innate immune cells after trauma. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)?

To interact with specific cell receptors to initiate an immune response Signup and view all the answers

The release of formyl peptides from mitochondria is associated with which response?

Activation of the macrophage inflammasome. Signup and view all the answers

Which option best describes immunoparesis?

Paralysis of the immune system Signup and view all the answers

What condition is indicated by two or more criteria being met in the SIRS definition?

SIRS Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the systemic inflammatory response during surgery?

It can worsen outcomes if not properly controlled. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key outcome of the immune response leading to septic shock?

Endothelial damage leading to clot formation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a criterion for SIRS?

Respiratory rate ≥ 18 breaths per minute Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following molecules is NOT classified as a PAMP?

C-reactive protein Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Significance in Surgery

Systemic response is essential for recovery in surgery, akin to managing a car's speed.
Inflammatory response plays a critical role in addressing infections, trauma, and burns during surgery.
Sepsis can be diagnosed even without positive cultures if signs and symptoms are present.

Immune Response Triggers

Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) are released after tissue injury, initiating a sterile inflammatory response.
Types of DAMPs include:
- High Mobility Group Protein B1 (HMGB1): released within 30 minutes of trauma, best characterized DAMP.
- Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): triggers inflammatory responses associated with necrosis.
- C-reactive Protein (CRP): a marker of pro-inflammatory response, synthesized in response to IL-6.
- F-actin: indicates cell damage recognized by the immune system.

Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)

PAMPs, alongside DAMPs, interact with cell receptors to activate the immune system.
Examples include:
- Endotoxin: released by bacteria upon cell destruction.
- Flagellin: activates a broad range of immune cells.
- dsRNA: derived from viral infections.

Immune Response Mechanisms

Initial immune response stimuli can arise from both PAMPs in infections and DAMPs in trauma.
The immune response can lead to several outcomes:
- Immunoparesis, which paralysis the immune system during sepsis.
- Endothelial and organ damage due to trauma can result in coagulation and further tissue damage, which release more DAMPs.

Clinical Spectrum of Infection and SIRS

SIRS is characterized by fulfilling at least two of the following criteria:
- Elevated or decreased body temperature.
- Increased heart rate (≥ 90 bpm).
- Increased respiratory rate (≥ 20 breaths/min).
- Decreased arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2 ≤ 32 mmHg).
- Abnormal white blood cell count.
Sepsis is diagnosed when SIRS is present alongside an identifiable source of infection.
Severe sepsis involves sepsis with associated organ dysfunction, indicating a critical condition.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the significance of various components in surgery, including infection management and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). This quiz also covers the neuroendocrine responses, cell signaling pathways, and endothelial interactions critical to understanding surgical outcomes.