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Questions and Answers
Which structure of the forearm is described as being subcutaneous and forming a longitudinal furrow on the posterior aspect?
Which structure of the forearm is described as being subcutaneous and forming a longitudinal furrow on the posterior aspect?
What forms a surface elevation on the medial part of the wrist when the hand is pronated?
What forms a surface elevation on the medial part of the wrist when the hand is pronated?
Which process lies at a higher level and more posteriorly than the styloid process of the radius?
Which process lies at a higher level and more posteriorly than the styloid process of the radius?
Which part of the radius can be palpated on the posterior aspect without difficulty?
Which part of the radius can be palpated on the posterior aspect without difficulty?
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What occurs to the styloid processes in a Colles' fracture?
What occurs to the styloid processes in a Colles' fracture?
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What can be felt on the palmar aspect of the wrist at the base of the hypothenar eminence?
What can be felt on the palmar aspect of the wrist at the base of the hypothenar eminence?
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Which tendon grooves the ulnar aspect of the tubercle of Lister?
Which tendon grooves the ulnar aspect of the tubercle of Lister?
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In the context of the forearm, what does the term 'palpable' refer to?
In the context of the forearm, what does the term 'palpable' refer to?
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What is the location of the hook of the hamate in relation to the pisiform?
What is the location of the hook of the hamate in relation to the pisiform?
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Where can the tubercle of the scaphoid bone typically be found?
Where can the tubercle of the scaphoid bone typically be found?
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What anatomical feature indicates the line of the wrist joint?
What anatomical feature indicates the line of the wrist joint?
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What forms the medial border of the cubital fossa?
What forms the medial border of the cubital fossa?
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How can the brachioradialis muscle be demonstrated?
How can the brachioradialis muscle be demonstrated?
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Which statement accurately describes the shafts of the radius and ulna?
Which statement accurately describes the shafts of the radius and ulna?
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What feature helps to identify the posterior border of the ulna?
What feature helps to identify the posterior border of the ulna?
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Which border surrounds the cubital fossa laterally?
Which border surrounds the cubital fossa laterally?
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Where does the radial nerve give off its posterior interosseous branch?
Where does the radial nerve give off its posterior interosseous branch?
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What structure does the posterior interosseous nerve supply in the forearm?
What structure does the posterior interosseous nerve supply in the forearm?
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In relation to the radial artery, where does the radial nerve lie in the middle one-third of the forearm?
In relation to the radial artery, where does the radial nerve lie in the middle one-third of the forearm?
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What is the distal termination of the radial nerve near the wrist indicated as?
What is the distal termination of the radial nerve near the wrist indicated as?
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What can be used as a surgical landmark for the posterior interosseous nerve?
What can be used as a surgical landmark for the posterior interosseous nerve?
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How is the position of the posterior interosseous nerve indicated during a surgical procedure?
How is the position of the posterior interosseous nerve indicated during a surgical procedure?
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Which digit's supply does the radial nerve ensure along the dorsum of the hand?
Which digit's supply does the radial nerve ensure along the dorsum of the hand?
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Which muscles are NOT supplied by the posterior interosseous nerve?
Which muscles are NOT supplied by the posterior interosseous nerve?
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What indicates the line separating the muscle groups mentioned?
What indicates the line separating the muscle groups mentioned?
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Which tendon becomes prominent when the wrist is flexed against resistance?
Which tendon becomes prominent when the wrist is flexed against resistance?
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What structure can be palpated immediately distal to the radial styloid process when the thumb is fully extended?
What structure can be palpated immediately distal to the radial styloid process when the thumb is fully extended?
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Which tendon can be felt when a finger is run proximally along the tendon of the extensor pollicis longus?
Which tendon can be felt when a finger is run proximally along the tendon of the extensor pollicis longus?
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When can the tendons of the extensors of the wrist be most easily identified?
When can the tendons of the extensors of the wrist be most easily identified?
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What is the function of Lister’s tubercle in relation to the tendons?
What is the function of Lister’s tubercle in relation to the tendons?
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Which condition is associated with regional tenderness to palpation due to compartment involvement?
Which condition is associated with regional tenderness to palpation due to compartment involvement?
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Which tendon is located in the second compartment of the wrist?
Which tendon is located in the second compartment of the wrist?
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Which compartment contains the extensor digiti minimi?
Which compartment contains the extensor digiti minimi?
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Where does the median nerve run in relation to the palmaris longus tendon?
Where does the median nerve run in relation to the palmaris longus tendon?
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What does deep pressure at the medial epicondyle of the humerus potentially cause?
What does deep pressure at the medial epicondyle of the humerus potentially cause?
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In which part of the forearm does the ulnar artery lie along the radial side of the ulnar nerve?
In which part of the forearm does the ulnar artery lie along the radial side of the ulnar nerve?
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How can the radial artery's pulsation be felt at the wrist?
How can the radial artery's pulsation be felt at the wrist?
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Where does the radial artery commence?
Where does the radial artery commence?
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What muscle group is located deep to the radial artery in its course down the forearm?
What muscle group is located deep to the radial artery in its course down the forearm?
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What line represents the course of the ulnar artery in relation to the superficial flexor muscles?
What line represents the course of the ulnar artery in relation to the superficial flexor muscles?
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What is the significance of the ring finger during an incision for the removal of a fractured head of the radius?
What is the significance of the ring finger during an incision for the removal of a fractured head of the radius?
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Which structure is indicated by a line joining the crest of the trapezium to the hook of the hamate?
Which structure is indicated by a line joining the crest of the trapezium to the hook of the hamate?
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Which metacarpal head is the most prominent when feeling the knuckles?
Which metacarpal head is the most prominent when feeling the knuckles?
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What forms the hypothenar eminence in the palm of the hand?
What forms the hypothenar eminence in the palm of the hand?
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What is the location of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb during palpation?
What is the location of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb during palpation?
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How can the interphalangeal joints be palpated?
How can the interphalangeal joints be palpated?
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Which statement describes the skin of the palm of the hand?
Which statement describes the skin of the palm of the hand?
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What distinguishes the medial border of the hand?
What distinguishes the medial border of the hand?
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Study Notes
Surface Anatomy of Forearm & Wrist
- The ulna's posterior border is subcutaneous from the olecranon superiorly to the styloid process.
- It corresponds to a furrow on the posterior aspect of the forearm when the elbow is flexed.
- The radius's shaft is not easily felt due to muscle coverage.
- The ulnar styloid process can be felt, and it's position corresponds to the medial side of the wrist's posterior region when the hand is pronated.
Skeletal Surface Landmarks
- The rounded ulnar head forms a surface elevation the medial part of the wrist's posterior aspect when the hand is pronated.
- The ulna's styloid process extends distally from the posterior-medial aspect of the head.
Skeletal Surface Landmarks of the Carpals
- The pisiform bone is easily palpated on the palmar aspect of the wrist, near the base of the hypothenar eminence.
- It can be moved over the triquetral bone during passive wrist flexion.
- The scaphoid tubercle is at the base of the thenar eminence, forming a small elevation visible.
- The crest of the trapezium is identifiable with deep pressure.
- The scaphoid and trapezium are also palpable in the anatomical snuffbox.
Skeletal Surface Landmarks of the Wrist Joint
- The wrist joint is easily identified between the carpus and the distal ends of the radius and ulna, even when covered by tendons.
- A line joining the styloid processes of the radius and ulna corresponds to the wrist joint line, convex upwards.
Soft Tissues: Cubital Fossa
- The cubital fossa is formed as a depression in the middle of the upper forearm's anterior aspect.
- It's bounded medially by pronator teres, laterally by brachioradialis, and superiorly by a line joining the two.
Soft Tissues: Brachioradialis
- The brachioradialis is the most superficial muscle within the forearm's lateral side.
- It appears as a prominent ridge when the elbow is flexed against resistance, extending above the elbow joint.
Soft Tissues: Shafts of Radius and Ulna
- The radius and ulna are covered by the forearm's flexor and extensor muscle groups respectively.
- A longitudinal furrow, marking the ulnar border, distinguishes the two muscle groups.
- Distally, several tendons of both muscle groups are individually identifiable.
Soft Tissues: Tendons of Extensors
- Extensor tendons are clearly visible on the posterior aspect of the carpus when the hand is clenched; they are easily identified.
- The extensor digitorum tendons are evident on the dorsum of the hand when the fingers are extended.
- The extensor carpi ulnaris tendon can be identified distally and ulnarly on the styloid process.
Soft Tissues: Anatomical Snuffbox
- On extending the thumb, a depression, called the anatomical snuffbox, is evident on the lateral aspect of the wrist, distal to the radial styloid process.
- It contains the articular surface of the scaphoid as well as the radial aspects of the trapezium/trapezoid; they are identified on deep pressure.
Soft Tissues : Radial Nerve
- The origin of the posterior interosseous nerve is identified anteriorly to the lateral epicondyle.
- The nerve is found between the ulnar head and dorsal tubercle of the radius in the distal forearm.
- Its final form is as a flattened pseudoganglion, distributed to carpal ligaments and joints.
Soft Tissues: Radial Nerve (Surgical Landmark)
- A significant surgical landmark is the point where the posterior interosseous nerve wraps around the upper end of the radius.
- It can be marked by positioning the index finger on the radius's dorsal aspect, with the middle and ring fingers placed below, and the ring finger lies directly over the nerve.
- This specific localization of the nerve is important for surgeries, ensuring incisions are not too far from the nerve.
Soft Tissues: Flexor Retinaculum
- The concave distal border of the flexor retinaculum is indicated by a curved line connecting the trapezium's crest to the hook of the hamate.
- The proximal border of the flexor retinaculum is identified by another curved line from the scaphoid tubercle to the pisiform.
Soft Tissues: Radial Artery
- The radial artery's upper course lies deep to the brachioradialis' medial aspect.
- It passes downward and laterally through the forearm, reaching the wrist where it lies between the tendon of flexor carpi radialis on the ulnar side and the radius' anterior margin laterally.
Soft Tissues: Ulnar Nerve
- The ulnar nerve's course in the forearm follows a line from the base of the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the radial side of the pisiform bone.
- Deep pressure on both bony landmarks results in paresthesia.
- In the forearm's lower section, the ulnar nerve is positioned along the radial surface of the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon.
Soft Tissues: Hand - Surface Anatomy
- The hand's palm displays skin creases, but these don't serve as reliable reference points.
- The thenar eminence, formed by flexor and abductor pollicis brevis muscles, is a fleshy prominence on the palm's radial side.
- The hypothenar eminence, formed by the corresponding little finger muscles, is present on the palm's ulnar side, but also less prominent.
- The medial and lateral borders of the hand are defined by the medial and lateral aspects of the hypothenar and thenar eminences.
- The carpometacarpal joint of the thumb's dorsal aspect is partially visible.
- The distal palmar creases are placed proximal to the distal interphalangeal joints, and intermediate creases are positioned opposite the proximal interphalangeal joints, while the most proximal creases are located at the junction of the palm and the fingers.
Soft Tissues: Dorsal Aspects of the Hand
- The dorsal aspects of the metacarpal shafts and the trapezium are mostly covered by extensor tendons, making them less distinct to the touch.
- Proximal and middle finger phalanges' heads create palpable prominences distinctly visible on the dorsum of the hand when the fingers are flexed.
Soft Tissues: The Dorsal Venous Arch
- A network of veins, the dorsal venous arch, is present on the back of the hand, but its arrangement varies among individuals.
- The cephalic vein arises from the radial extremity of the arch, travelling along the radial side of the distal forearm.
- The basilic vein originates from the ulnar side of the arch and ascends along the ulnar portion of the distal forearm.
- Both veins are palpable, with the vein traversing the top of the anatomical snuffbox serving as a common intravenous cannulation site.
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Description
This quiz covers the anatomy and skeletal landmarks of the forearm and wrist, including details about the ulna and radius. You'll explore key structures such as the ulnar styloid process and the pisiform bone. Test your knowledge of surface landmarks and their anatomical significance.
