Surah al-Fatihah Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the correct formula to calculate the total color difference (∆E*)?

∆E* = √(∆L*² + ∆a*² + ∆b*²) (correct)

∆E* = ∆L* × ∆a* × ∆b*

∆E* = (∆L* + ∆a* + ∆b*) / 3

∆E* = ∆L* + ∆a* + ∆b*

When measuring transparent liquids for color analysis, what is recommended for consistent results?

Use a standard clear plastic cup only.

Measure with a sphere instrument and a cell filled with distilled water as a blank. (correct)

Use any available container without concern for material.

Measure only in opaque containers for accurate readings.

What does the symbol L* represent in color measurement?

Lightness value (correct)

Saturation value

Color distance

Color hue value

Which factors can affect the repeatability of color measurement results?

Observer's color perception and environmental lighting Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of using a 20 mm cell for colored liquids?

It is used for most colored liquids to ensure appropriate light pathway. Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'Value' in the Munsell Color System represent?

The quality of color described by lightness and darkness Signup and view all the answers

Which pair is not one of the adjacent pairs in the Munsell Color System?

Green-Blue Signup and view all the answers

What does Chroma measure in the Munsell Color System?

The distance from gray of the same value Signup and view all the answers

Who were among the pioneering scientists in the development of color-measuring instruments in the 1940s?

Richard S. Hunter, Deane B. Judd, and Henry A. Gardner Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'L' in the Hunter color solid indicate?

The lightness coordinate Signup and view all the answers

Which organization is primarily concerned with color measurement?

Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum value in the Munsell Color System?

10 Signup and view all the answers

What does the L* parameter in the CIELAB color space represent?

The lightness of the color Signup and view all the answers

Which color coordinate represents the red and green values in the CIELAB color space?

a* Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of values for the a* and b* coordinates in the CIELAB color space?

-80 to +80 Signup and view all the answers

What type of light interaction occurs when the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence?

Specular light Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a Colorimeter?

A device for measuring color values Signup and view all the answers

In analyzing food color, what does the b* parameter indicate?

The intensity of yellow Signup and view all the answers

Why is the measurement of L, a, and b* important in food color analysis?

To assess the visual appeal and quality of food Signup and view all the answers

Which smartphone application can function as a colorimeter?

Dedicated color measurement app Signup and view all the answers

What factor can influence the measurement of color when analyzing a sample?

The interaction of light with the sample Signup and view all the answers

What appearance do smooth polished surfaces have due to their reflective properties?

Glossy Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sample primarily transmits light?

Transparent Signup and view all the answers

What will ∆L* indicate if it is a positive value?

The sample is lighter than the standard Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors contribute to ideal samples for color measurement?

Flat, smooth, uniform, and either opaque or transparent Signup and view all the answers

In the color difference equation, what does a negative value for ∆a* represent?

The sample is more green than the standard Signup and view all the answers

What does positive ∆b* signify in color measurements?

The sample is yellower than the standard Signup and view all the answers

How is Total Color Difference (∆E*) calculated?

Using the formula ∆E = (∆L² + ∆a² + ∆b*²)^(1/2) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes diffuse reflection?

Light is scattered uniformly in many directions Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes translucent samples in terms of light interaction?

They reflect and transmit light Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of conducting colorimeter measurements under uncontrolled conditions?

Data will generally be less precise Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in calculating the total color difference (∆E*)?

Calculate the color difference of L*, ∆L* Signup and view all the answers

Which equation is used to calculate the total color difference (∆E*)?

∆E* = (∆L*)² + (∆a*)² + (∆b*)² Signup and view all the answers

In the equation for total color difference, what power is applied to each derived color difference?

2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the resulting total color difference (∆E) if ∆L is 4.03, ∆a* is -3.05, and ∆b* is 1.04?

5.16 Signup and view all the answers

What does ∆L* represent in the context of color difference?

The luminance difference Signup and view all the answers

What does a negative value for ∆a* indicate?

Higher green content in the comparison sample Signup and view all the answers

When calculating color differences, which color model is primarily used?

CIE Lab* Signup and view all the answers

Which step is NOT included when calculating total color difference (∆E*)?

Calculating the average of L* values Signup and view all the answers

If the calculated total color difference is low, what does it imply?

The colors are nearly identical Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of calculating the total color difference (∆E*)?

To assess the visual perception of color differences Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Surah al-Fatihah

The opening chapter in the Quran
Begins with the phrase "In the name of Allah, the Gracious, the Merciful"
Contains seven verses
Praises Allah as the Lord of the worlds, the Most Gracious, and the Most Merciful
Acknowledges Allah as the Master of the Day of Judgment
The verses ask for guidance to the straight path
The verses mention the path of those who have been blessed, not of those whom there is anger, nor of those who are misguided.

Food Chemistry and Analysis (BWD22303)

Course code: BWD22303
Course name: Food Chemistry and Analysis
Instructor: Assoc. Prof. ChM Dr. Norhayati binti Muhammad
Institution: Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

3. Color

3.1 Color specification systems:
- Includes visual systems, instrumental measurements of color, tristimulus colorimeters, and color spaces
3.2 Practical considerations in color measurement:
- Interaction of light with the sample, instrument choice, color difference equations, color tolerances, and sample preparation and presentation

Class Activity 1

Students are asked to imagine they are decorating a birthday cake
Students are asked to describe the main colours they would choose.

Food Colors

The first factor that attracts people toward food is its color
The color of food influences appetite and choice of food.

Introduction to Food Colors

What is color in food?
- According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), color in food is any dye, pigment, or substance that, when added or applied to food, drug or cosmetic, or to the human body, imparts color.
- According to the Food Law and Regulation 1985, coloring substances are substances that impart color to food. This definition includes coloring preparations.
Why food colors?
- To replace and restore colors lost during processing
- To enhance existing colors
- To minimize batch variations during processing, storage
- To give color to uncolored foods, corrects natural variations
Availability of food colors:
- Powder, Gel, Paste, Liquid, Liquid gel dye
Types of colors:
- Natural-identical colors: Man-made pigments, found in nature (e.g., carotene, riboflavin)
- Natural colors: Pigments from living organisms (e.g., saffron, carmine)
- Synthetic colors: Man-made colors that are not found in nature (e.g., Azo dyes, inorganic colors like titanium dioxide, gold, and silver)

Natural Food Colors:

Natural food colorant (their colors): Chlorophyll, carotenoids, betalains, flavonoid/anthocyanins, lutein and lycopene
Major sources: Green leafy vegetables and herbs, carrots, fruits and vegetables beetroot, red cabbage, other fruits and vegetables, green vegetables, corn, tomatoes and related goods
Applications: Pasta, ice-cream, processed foods, beverages, candy, confectionery, ice-cream, beverages, frozen foods, condiments sauces, alcoholic beverages, chewing gum, bakery products, soft drinks, ice creams, and dairy products.

Synthetic Food Colors

Natural foods colorants: Curcumin, Crocin and crocetin, Bixin, norbixin, Carmine, Paprika
Major sources: Turmeric, Saffron plants, Annatto plants, Cochineal insect, Capsicum annum plant.
Applications: Beverages, baked products, yellow cakes, biscuits, popcorn, sweets, cereals, sauces, baked goods, rice dishes, meat dishes, soups, dairy & fat products and desserts, soft drinks, sugar & flavor confectionery, pickles, sausages, meat products, snacks, soups, and salad.

Limitations of Natural Food Colors

Natural colors have their own flavors that may affect the taste of the final product.
Their color may not be stable at high temperatures.
They may cause allergic reactions.
They are usually more expensive than artificial colors.
Natural ingredients sometimes are scarce.

Synthetic Food Colors - Risk Assessment

Multiple studies have been published about synthetic colorants binding to human serum albumin
Synthetic dyes like Tartrazine and Amaranth are associated with allergic reactions, including contact urticaria, angioedema, and immunosuppression
Some azo dyes have been found to induce bronchospasm in individuals who suffer from chronic asthma.
Food intolerance, hypersensitivity and behavioral hyperactivity have also been linked to certain synthetic dyes

Food Color Analysis

3.1 Color Specification Systems - Visual Systems:
- The Munsell color system: best-known visual color-ordering system. Created by A.H. Munsell in 1905.
- Hue, Value, and Chroma are the three components of the Munsell color system.
- Hue refers to the color's name such as red, yellow, green, blue, or purple.
- Value refers to a color's lightness or darkness. The value scale ranges from zero for black to 10 for white.
- Chroma refers to a color's purity or saturation. The chroma scale ranges from zero for neutral grays to values that increase with increasing distinctness from neutral grays.

Instrumental Measurement of Color:

The CIE (International Commission on Illumination)
- Established standard illuminants for color measurement in 1931.
Colorimeters and Color spaces
- Hunter color solid developed in 1942
- CIE (International Commission on Illumination) officially adopted the CIELAB color system in 1976
Use of Smartphone Application Colorimeters.

3.2 Practical Considerations in Color Management - Interaction of light with sample

Specular light: Reflection angle = incidence angle; Smooth polished surfaces, glossy
Diffuse (Scattered) light: Reflection results from rough surfaces, dull or matte appearance
Transparency: Light passes through the sample.
Translucence: Sample transmits and reflects light
Opacity: Light is reflected and does not pass through sample. Measurement considerations: Samples must be flat, smooth, uniform, and either matte or transparent.

3.2 Practical Considerations in Color Management - Color Difference Equation and Tolerance

Colorimeter measurements should be carefully controlled for precision
The interest in industrial and research applications is primarily on how colors deviate from a standard.
Color differences are calculated by subtracting sample Lab* values from standard values.

3.2 Practical Consideration in Color Management - Sample Preparation and Presentation

To get meaningful data, color measurements need to be consistent and repeatable.
Product sampling should be representative of color characteristics
The number of readings depends on the sample's nature.
Practical tips and systematic protocols are necessary for consistent color measurements of different food categories.
Different methods are needed for transparent liquids, liquid samples with high solids, and solid foods.

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Description

Explore Surah al-Fatihah, the opening chapter of the Quran. This quiz covers its significance, structure, and the essential themes presented in its seven verses. Test your understanding of its message of guidance and praise for Allah.