Podcast
Questions and Answers
Supply chain performance measurement is not crucial for firms to know if procedures are working as expected.
Supply chain performance measurement is not crucial for firms to know if procedures are working as expected.
False (B)
High-level supply chain performance occurs when strategies at each firm ______ well with overall supply chain strategies.
High-level supply chain performance occurs when strategies at each firm ______ well with overall supply chain strategies.
fit
What are two primary benefits of utilizing third-party logistics providers (3PLs)?
What are two primary benefits of utilizing third-party logistics providers (3PLs)?
Third-party logistics providers offer expertise in transportation and logistics services, allowing companies to focus on their core competencies. They can also offer cost savings through economies of scale and specialized resources.
Which of the following is NOT a key element of achieving successful intra-firm functional integration in a supply chain?
Which of the following is NOT a key element of achieving successful intra-firm functional integration in a supply chain?
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Match the following supply chain concepts with their descriptions:
Match the following supply chain concepts with their descriptions:
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The development of Materials Requirements Planning (MRP) and Manufacturing Resource Planning (MRPII) occurred in the 1990s.
The development of Materials Requirements Planning (MRP) and Manufacturing Resource Planning (MRPII) occurred in the 1990s.
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Which of the following strategies were primarily focused on during the 1960s-1970s?
Which of the following strategies were primarily focused on during the 1960s-1970s?
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The use of ______ techniques became a dominant strategy for manufacturers in the 1950s.
The use of ______ techniques became a dominant strategy for manufacturers in the 1950s.
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What were the key driving forces behind the development of MRP and MRPII?
What were the key driving forces behind the development of MRP and MRPII?
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Which of the following is NOT a core focus of supply chain management today?
Which of the following is NOT a core focus of supply chain management today?
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Match the decade to the primary focus of manufacturing strategy:
Match the decade to the primary focus of manufacturing strategy:
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Which of the following is NOT a strategy that emerged during the 1980s-1990s?
Which of the following is NOT a strategy that emerged during the 1980s-1990s?
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The triple bottom line concept emphasizes that businesses should prioritize profits over environmental and social concerns.
The triple bottom line concept emphasizes that businesses should prioritize profits over environmental and social concerns.
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What is the primary goal of supply chain management?
What is the primary goal of supply chain management?
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How did the focus on manufacturing strategies shift from the 1960s-1970s to the 1980s-1990s?
How did the focus on manufacturing strategies shift from the 1960s-1970s to the 1980s-1990s?
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The ability to meet the needs of current supply chain members without compromising the needs of future generations is known as ______.
The ability to meet the needs of current supply chain members without compromising the needs of future generations is known as ______.
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The use of supplier and customer alliances became a key focus in the 1950s.
The use of supplier and customer alliances became a key focus in the 1950s.
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Match the following supply chain management concepts with their respective categories:
Match the following supply chain management concepts with their respective categories:
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Which of these practices promotes ethical and sustainable sourcing?
Which of these practices promotes ethical and sustainable sourcing?
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Collaborative Planning, Forecasting, and Replenishment (CPFR) is primarily a tool for managing inventory levels within a single organization.
Collaborative Planning, Forecasting, and Replenishment (CPFR) is primarily a tool for managing inventory levels within a single organization.
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Explain the importance of integrating different aspects of supply chain management.
Explain the importance of integrating different aspects of supply chain management.
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Which of the following industries generates huge volumes of data that can be used for supply chain analytics?
Which of the following industries generates huge volumes of data that can be used for supply chain analytics?
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Supply chain analytics primarily focuses on analyzing historical data.
Supply chain analytics primarily focuses on analyzing historical data.
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What is a major factor driving the growth of supply chain analytics?
What is a major factor driving the growth of supply chain analytics?
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Supply chain analytics uses ______ data to make predictions or draw conclusions.
Supply chain analytics uses ______ data to make predictions or draw conclusions.
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Improving supply chain sustainability can help companies achieve market differentiation.
Improving supply chain sustainability can help companies achieve market differentiation.
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Match the following benefits of improving supply chain sustainability with their respective descriptions:
Match the following benefits of improving supply chain sustainability with their respective descriptions:
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How can supply chain sustainability contribute to achieving market differentiation?
How can supply chain sustainability contribute to achieving market differentiation?
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What is the primary purpose of an industrial buyer?
What is the primary purpose of an industrial buyer?
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The term "Supply Management" encompasses a broader range of responsibilities compared to the traditional term "Purchasing."
The term "Supply Management" encompasses a broader range of responsibilities compared to the traditional term "Purchasing."
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What does MRO stand for in the context of industrial buying?
What does MRO stand for in the context of industrial buying?
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________ are wholesalers and retailers who purchase goods for resale.
________ are wholesalers and retailers who purchase goods for resale.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What is the term used to describe the practice of using only one supplier for a particular product or service?
What is the term used to describe the practice of using only one supplier for a particular product or service?
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Which of the following is NOT a reason favoring the use of two or more suppliers?
Which of the following is NOT a reason favoring the use of two or more suppliers?
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Current trends in supply chain management favor using a single supplier for most products and services.
Current trends in supply chain management favor using a single supplier for most products and services.
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The concept of ________ takes into account the total cost of acquiring, using, and disposing of a product or service.
The concept of ________ takes into account the total cost of acquiring, using, and disposing of a product or service.
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Match the following reasons with the type of supplier selection strategy they support:
Match the following reasons with the type of supplier selection strategy they support:
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Using multiple suppliers can help reduce the risk of supply disruptions.
Using multiple suppliers can help reduce the risk of supply disruptions.
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Aside from spreading risk, what is another key benefit of using multiple suppliers?
Aside from spreading risk, what is another key benefit of using multiple suppliers?
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Which of the following is NOT a potential advantage of single sourcing?
Which of the following is NOT a potential advantage of single sourcing?
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When a company has a small volume of purchases, they might lean towards ______ to avoid splitting the volume across multiple suppliers.
When a company has a small volume of purchases, they might lean towards ______ to avoid splitting the volume across multiple suppliers.
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Explain why single sourcing can be considered a risky proposition.
Explain why single sourcing can be considered a risky proposition.
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Flashcards
Third Party Logistics Providers (3PLs)
Third Party Logistics Providers (3PLs)
Companies that provide outsourced logistics services including transportation and warehousing.
Supply Chain Performance Measurement
Supply Chain Performance Measurement
A process to assess if supply chain procedures are functioning effectively.
Cost vs. Sophistication Trade-off
Cost vs. Sophistication Trade-off
Decisions balancing distribution costs against system complexity.
Intra-firm Functional Integration
Intra-firm Functional Integration
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High-Level Supply Chain Performance
High-Level Supply Chain Performance
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Supply Chain Management
Supply Chain Management
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Sustainability
Sustainability
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Triple Bottom Line
Triple Bottom Line
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Supply Base Reduction
Supply Base Reduction
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Supplier Alliances
Supplier Alliances
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Global Sourcing
Global Sourcing
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Lean Systems
Lean Systems
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Logistics Management
Logistics Management
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Mass Production Techniques
Mass Production Techniques
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Just-In-Time (JIT)
Just-In-Time (JIT)
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Total Quality Management (TQM)
Total Quality Management (TQM)
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Business Process Reengineering (BPR)
Business Process Reengineering (BPR)
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Materials Requirements Planning (MRP)
Materials Requirements Planning (MRP)
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Manufacturing Resource Planning (MRPII)
Manufacturing Resource Planning (MRPII)
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Inventory Management
Inventory Management
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Supplier and Customer Alliances
Supplier and Customer Alliances
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Supply Chain Analytics
Supply Chain Analytics
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Big Data
Big Data
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Supply Chain Sustainability
Supply Chain Sustainability
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Cost Reduction
Cost Reduction
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Process Enhancement
Process Enhancement
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Productivity Increase
Productivity Increase
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Market Differentiation
Market Differentiation
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Societal Outcomes
Societal Outcomes
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Merchants
Merchants
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Industrial Buyers
Industrial Buyers
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Supply Management
Supply Management
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MRO Supplies
MRO Supplies
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Strategic Objectives
Strategic Objectives
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Single Sourcing
Single Sourcing
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Benefits of Single Sourcing
Benefits of Single Sourcing
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Risks of Single Sourcing
Risks of Single Sourcing
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Multiple Sourcing
Multiple Sourcing
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Benefits of Multiple Suppliers
Benefits of Multiple Suppliers
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Transportation Economies
Transportation Economies
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Supplier Diversity
Supplier Diversity
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Capacity Needs
Capacity Needs
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Quality Variability
Quality Variability
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Total Cost of Ownership
Total Cost of Ownership
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Study Notes
Chapter 1: Learning Objectives
- Define supply chain management and describe a supply chain.
- Detail the objectives and elements of supply chain management.
- Describe global, regional, and local supply chain management.
- Explain the history and current trends in supply chain management.
- Understand how the bullwhip effect affects the supply chain.
Chapter 1: Chapter Outline
- Introduction to supply chain management.
- Defining supply chain management.
- Importance of supply chain management.
- Origins of supply chain management in the US.
- Foundations of supply chain management.
- Current trends in supply chain management.
Chapter 1: What is a Supply Chain? (Part 1)
- A supply chain encompasses the movement of products from raw materials to final product.
- Key stakeholders include raw material manufacturers, component manufacturers, final product manufacturers, wholesalers, distributors, and retailers.
- Activities like transportation and storage link these entities.
- Information, planning, and integration are vital for smooth operations.
Chapter 1: What is a Supply Chain? (Part 2)
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Supply chain includes a product and service flow, recycling, etc.
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Raw materials, suppliers, intermediates, end-product manufacturer (focal firm), and retailers form the chain.
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Information flow/planning/activity integration is crucial.
Chapter 1: What is Supply Chain Management? (Part 1)
- Supply chain management integrates all activities involved in procuring, converting, and logistics including channel partners.
- The aim is comprehensive coordination among all parties in the supply chain for improved efficiency and customer service.
- Supply chain partners must share demand forecasts, plans, capacities, and new developments to maximize effectiveness
Chapter 1: What is Supply Chain Management? (Part 2)
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Effective supply chain management integrates a multitude of activities across diverse parties, from raw materials to end consumers.
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This integration aims at cost reduction, improved quality, and exceptional customer service.
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Sharing information about a wide range of factors directly impacts various supply chain participants (e.g., demand forecasting, production, marketing, etc.)
Chapter 1: Origins of Supply Chain Management (Part 1)
- Supply chain management's evolution was driven by a combination of technological advancements, growing business strategies, and the necessity for improved inventory management.
- Early attempts at managing material and information flow in supply chains were crucial steps in the development of the field that occurred over time
Chapter 1: Origins of Supply Chain Management (Part 2)
- During the 1950s to 1960s, US manufacturers focused on mass production techniques.
- The 1960s and 1970s saw the introduction of Materials Requirements Planning (MRP) and Manufacturing Resource Planning (MRPII) to improve inventory management and coordination.
Chapter 1: Origins of Supply Chain Management (Part 3)
- During the 1980s and 1990s, intense global competition prompted manufacturers to implement strategies such as supply chain management (SCM), Just-in-Time (JIT), Total Quality Management (TQM), and Business Process Reengineering (BPR) in an effort to improve efficiency in these aspects.
Chapter 1: Origins of Supply Chain Management (Part 4)
- The 2000s and beyond showcased two key areas of advancement: supply management focus evolving from buying items to encompass other logistics and customer service aspects by retailers and wholesalers.
- Emphasis on improved supply chain capabilities via third-party service providers, integration of logistics, and use of outsourcing for transportation were commonly used at the time.
Chapter 1: Origins of Supply Chain Management (Part 5)
- Modern emphasis is increasingly focused on environmental and social considerations in supply chains.
- Sustainability is crucial as firms seek to balance current needs with future sustainability.
- Triple bottom line considerations (people, planet, profit) are a key part of this.
Chapter 1: The Foundations of Supply Chain Management (Part 1)
- Supply, Operations, and Logistics - managing these separately and individually is important, but it's especially important to tie them together.
Chapter 1: The Foundations of Supply Chain Management (Part 2)
- Supplier Management (evaluation, certification, strategic partnerships, sustainability),
- How these elements impact overall supply chain performance and efficiency.
Chapter 1: The Foundations of Supply Chain Management (Part 3)
- Demand Management (matching demand & capacity),
- Supplier & Buyer integration,
- Communication.
Chapter 1: The Foundations of Supply Chain Management (Part 4)
- Logistics Management (customer relationship management),
- Network design,
- Global supply chain considerations,
- Sustainability.
Chapter 1: Current Trends in Supply Chain Management (Part 1)
- Supply chain analytics (analyzing data to make predictions).
- Rise in computational power and big data impact on supply chain capabilities.
- Data analysis is necessary to manage the supply chain in the current context.
Chapter 1: Current Trends in Supply Chain Management (Part 2)
- Emphasis on improving supply chain sustainability.
- Possible benefits of sustainable practices: better processes, lower costs, and more.
- Considerations of ethical sourcing, environmental responsibility, and social impact.
Chapter 1: Current Trends in Supply Chain Management (Part 3)
- Increasing Importance of Supply Chain Visibility
- The Need for Accurate Tracking
- Importance of Technology
- Technology advancements impact the supply chain by enhancing visibility.
Chapter 2: Learning Objectives
- Describe purchasing's role in achieving a company's competitive advantage.
- Describe different purchasing processes.
- Analyze different sourcing decisions (make-or-buy).
- Analyze total cost of ownership (TCO).
- Discuss centralization, decentralization, and hybrid purchasing structures.
- Discuss the importance of global sourcing.
Chapter 2: Learning Objectives (Part 1)
- The role of purchasing in achieving competitive advantage.
- Different purchasing processes- the flow, electronic, public, and green.
- Analysis of small value purchase orders' characteristics and handling.
Chapter 2: Learning Objectives (Part 2)
- Analysis of sourcing decisions- single/multiple sourcing, make-or-buy.
- TCO analysis in sourcing decisions.
- Various purchasing structures (centralized, decentralized, hybrid).
Chapter 2: Learning Objectives (Part 3)
- Global sourcing- opportunities and challenges.
- Basic international trade law and commercial terms.
Chapter 2: A brief history of Purchasing Terms (Part 1)
- Merchants, industrial buyers, purchasing, and contracting are essential components in the purchasing history.
- The growth of global sourcing demonstrates the increased interconnectedness of the world's markets.
Chapter 2: A brief history of Purchasing Terms (Part 2)
- Supply management is a newer term to describe a wider array of responsibilities for purchasing professionals, encompassing acquisition and management of necessary organizational resources and suppliers.
- It stretches beyond basic buying to encompass strategy acquisition and management.
Chapter 2: The Role of Supply Management in an Organization (Part 1)
- The primary goals of purchasing are uninterrupted material flow, improved quality, and enhanced customer satisfaction.
- Purchasing influences these objectives by actively seeking reliable suppliers, improving raw material quality, and participating in product design.
Chapter 2: The Role of Supply Management in an Organization (Part 2)
- The financial effect of purchasing is expressed through factors such as the profit leverage.
- Return on assets (ROA) and inventory turnover offer additional measures of purchasing's financial impact on the business.
Chapter 2: The Purchasing Process - Manual (Part 1)
- The manual purchasing process involves steps like Material Requisition/Purchase Requisition, Request for Quotation (RFQ), and Purchase Order (PO).
- These steps involve the exchange of documents to initiate and track the order's progress to ensure the smooth execution of requirements.
Chapter 2: The Purchasing Process - Manual (Part 2)
- The manual purchasing process is described in detail step-by-step, including the documents and forms involved (purchase requisition, purchase order).
- Procedures for different types of purchase orders are noted.
Chapter 2: The Purchasing Process - e-Procurement (Part 1)
- e-Procurement systems and their steps (material user request, approval, supplier assignment, buyer review, contract).
- The electronic purchasing process facilitates speed, accuracy, and efficiency.
Chapter 2: The Purchasing Process - e-Procurement (Part 2)
- e-procurement processes in which buyers and sellers interact using electronic systems and processes, including the flow/steps in an electronic system.
- Detailed steps and considerations are part of the process of e-procurement systems.
Chapter 2: The Purchasing Process - e-Procurement (Part 3)
- The advantages of using e-procurement systems include cost efficiency, improved accuracy, timely completion, trackability, and mobility.
- Advantages and functions of e-procurement systems and the support of business functions.
Chapter 2: Small-Value Purchase Orders
- Handling small-value purchase orders efficiently can streamline operations and reduce administrative overhead.
- Procurement credit cards, blanket purchase orders, stockless buying, and other strategies are outlined for managing small orders.
Chapter 2: Sourcing decisions: The Make-or-Buy Decision (Part 1)
- Distinguishes between sourcing from external suppliers (outsourcing) and manufacturing internally (making) a component or product.
- External suppliers offer a variety of pricing and quality factors.
Chapter 2: Sourcing decisions: The Make-or-Buy Decision (Part 2)
- Understanding the reasons for choosing to outsource to external suppliers versus maintaining in-house production.
- Cost advantage due to economies of scale, reduced capacity constraints, or lack of in-house expertise.
Chapter 2: Sourcing decisions: The Make-or-Buy Decision (Part 3)
- The reasons for opting for internal production (making).
- Strategic considerations like maintaining proprietary technology, controlling quality, and minimizing associated lead time.
Chapter 2: Sourcing decisions: The Make-or-Buy Decision (Part 4)
- Make-or-Buy break-even analysis- The break-even point for each option.
- Comparative cost analysis to determine optimal options in sourcing decisions.
Chapter 2: Sourcing decisions: The Make-or-Buy Decision (Part 5)
- Cost implications of sourcing decisions, including both fixed and variable costs for each option.
- Using a graph to visualize the break-even point, and making a decision based on projected output.
Chapter 2: Roles of the Supply Base
- A list of suppliers used by a firm for acquiring goods or services.
- A smaller supply base usually focuses on long-term strategic alliances for volume consolidation.
- Preferred suppliers offer various benefits like access to technology, design expertise, and information about the supply market and demand forecasting.
Chapter 2: Supplier Selection (Part 1)
- The methodology for selecting suppliers and the various criteria involved.
- The factors needed to evaluate potential suppliers include quality, cost, communication, capacity, and total cost of ownership.
Chapter 2: Supplier Selection (Part 2)
- Detailed factors needed to evaluate suppliers for various aspects of business.
- Example of supplier performance evaluation.
- Total cost of ownership (TCO) is a key factor in the process
Chapter 2: How Many Suppliers to Use
- The reasons to choose a single supplier versus multiple suppliers.
- Advantages of using a single supplier (cost savings, quality control).
- Advantages of multiple suppliers (reduced risk, competition & capacity).
Chapter 2: Purchasing Organization (Part 1)
- Different purchasing organization structures (centralized, decentralized, hybrid).
- Factors influencing the choice of purchasing structure, including complexity, volume of purchases, and geographic distribution of operations.
Chapter 2: Purchasing Organization (Part 2)
- Advantages of centralized vs. decentralized structures (e.g., volume concentration, localized knowledge of requirements).
Chapter 2: Global Sourcing (Part 1)
- Different entities in import-export business.
- How Import broker/merchant businesses work.
Chapter 2: Global Sourcing (Part 2)
- Various important motivations for global sourcing.
- The complexity, opportunities, and various factors that influence firms that decide to engage in global sourcing activities.
Chapter 2: Global Sourcing (Part 3)
- Rules and regulations regarding international purchase contracts and the international sale of goods.
- Important concepts on incoterms and the effects of incoterms on the process of managing purchases and sales internationally.
Chapter 2: Global Sourcing (Part 4)
- Importance or influence of a countertrade (the exchange of goods or services without currency involvement).
- The meaning of various types of countertrade such as barter or offset transactions within a context of global sourcing activities.
Chapter 2: Global Sourcing (Part 5)
- Types of countertrade (direct vs indirect offset).
- Specific examples like counterpurchase, barter, and offset trading methods used in international settings.
Chapter 2: Procurement in Government & Non-Profit Agencies (Part 1)
- Public procurement's unique challenges- compliance with regulations and competitive bidding practices in public sector procurement processes.
Chapter 2: Procurement in Government & Non-Profit Agencies (Part 2)
- Procurement regulations, rules, and government-specific laws and regulations that influence public sector procurement.
- Example of specific legal acts, such as the Federal Acquisition Streamlining Act and Buy American Act.
Chapter 3: Learning Objectives
- Understand the importance of supplier partnerships.
- Understand the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on supplier relationships.
- Explain processes for managing supplier relationships during a pandemic.
Chapter 3: Developing Supplier Relationships (Part 1)
- Importance of effective supplier partnerships, especially in competitive and fast-paced market situations like COVID-19
- Mutual commitment and benefit between suppliers and buyers, based on trust, collaboration, and appropriate risk-return management.
Chapter 3: Developing Supplier Relationships (Part 2)
- Keys to building a successful partnership include trust, shared vision, clear communication and the development of effective, business-oriented relationships—especially during a crisis.
Chapter 3: Developing Supplier Relationships (Part 3)
- The importance of personal business relationships and establishing personal connections with suppliers, especially during times of uncertainty or during the pandemic.
Chapter 3: Developing Supplier Relationships (Part 4)
- Importance of commitment and top management support in maintaining successful partnerships and managing any challenges during times of crisis or in major business shifts.
Chapter 3: Developing Supplier Relationships (Part 5)
- Several important elements needed to ensure change management is well managed.
- Effective strategies for change management, such as identifying internal champions and securing executive buy-in.
Chapter 3: Developing Supplier Relationships (Part 6)
- Information sharing and transparent communication.
- Important factors for building strong relationships, maintaining confidentiality, and managing expectations.
Chapter 3: Developing Supplier Relationships (Part 7)
- Performance metrics, measuring and evaluating performance of suppliers, determining how to improve performance and productivity.
- Developing comprehensive performance standards for evaluation purposes.
Chapter 3: Developing Supplier Relationships (Part 8)
- Importance of continuous improvement in supplier relationships, understanding how a series of small improvements help to eliminate waste in a system and enhance value.
- Continuous improvement techniques for suppliers
Chapter 3: Developing Supplier Relationships (Part 9)
- Importance of monitoring supplier relationships continuously.
- Monitoring supplier relationships and how organizations can proactively manage performance indicators in supplier relationships.
Chapter 3: Managing Supplier Relationships During the COVID-19 Pandemic
- Supplier relationships become more critical during crises, requiring adaptability and a focus on short-and long-term solutions.
- Best practices for managing supplier relations remain crucial during unexpected impacts like pandemics, with the goal of mitigating any disruption.
Chapter 3: Supplier Evaluation and Certification (Part 1)
- Defining and understanding supplier evaluation and certification.
- Best practices and importance of building fair and fact-based relationships with suppliers.
Chapter 3: Supplier Evaluation and Certification (Part 2)
- Detailed guidelines for supplier evaluation processes (e.g., criteria used in certification).
- Understanding the importance of criteria, such as timely response, quality control, production performance.
Chapter 3: Supplier Evaluation and Certification (Part 3)
- Weighted criteria evaluation systems and the usage and development of tools for detailed assessment of supplier characteristics.
- Methods for assessing supplier performance
Chapter 3: Supplier Evaluation and Certification (Part 4)
- Supplier scorecards and methods used to track and measure supplier performance based on key metrics.
Chapter 3: Supplier Evaluation and Certification (Part 5)
- The importance of ISO 9000 and its role in assessing supplier quality management systems.
- Certification or standardization in quality management systems
Chapter 3: Supplier Evaluation and Certification (Part 6)
- Understanding ISO 9000 standards and their relevance to supplier quality and consistency.
- ISO 9001 & 2015 standards provide guidelines for auditing and management of quality management systems.
Chapter 3: Supplier Evaluation and Certification (Part 7)
- Understanding ISO 14000 environmental management systems and why they're beneficial for businesses and their suppliers.
Chapter 3: Supplier Development
- Definition and importance of supplier development.
- Identifying critical suppliers who might not meet expectations and the importance of continuous improvement.
- A seven-step approach to supplier development process (identification, team formation, management discussion, etc.)
Chapter 3: Supplier Recognition Programs
- The importance of recognizing successful suppliers and how these programs can encourage future collaboration.
- Ways that supplier recognition programs benefit the organizations involved.
Chapter 3: Supplier Relationship Management (Part 1)
- Definition and objectives of supply relationship management.
- Using software applications to streamline communication and processes within a supplier relationship.
Chapter 3: Supplier Relationship Management (Part 2)
- Key functions within an SRM system designed to enhance performance and effectiveness, including automation and integration of various aspects of a business supply chain.
Chapter 3: Supplier Relationship Management (Part 3)
- How analytical SRM enhances strategic decision-making processes with suppliers.
- The importance of leveraging data and information to assess long-term supplier-buyer performance.
Chapter 3: Supplier Relationship Management (Part 4)
- The positive effects of automation in the supplier relationship management system.
- Automation techniques and their positive and negative effects on relationships with suppliers.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts in supply chain management with this quiz. Explore the importance of performance measurement, third-party logistics, and the evolution of planning strategies through different decades. Gain insights into functional integration and the core focuses of contemporary supply chain practices.