CPU
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Questions and Answers

What scale in computing refers to systems capable of performing at least 1 EFLOPS?

  • Petascale
  • Terascale
  • FLOPScale
  • Exascale (correct)

    • Which of the following supercomputers was the fastest as of June 2018?

  • Titan
  • Summit (correct)
  • Blue Gene
  • Fugaku

    • What is the value of one petaFLOP in terms of FLOPS?

  • $10^{15}$ (correct)
  • $10^{12}$
  • $10^{9}$
  • $10^{18}$

    • What is a common hardware component that allows a computer to store data and programs?

    <p>ROM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a scientific prefix used in measuring FLOPS?

    <p>Octa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of architecture includes components such as address bus, data bus, and control bus?

    <p>Microcomputer Architecture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many TFLOPS does a PlayStation 4 Pro achieve?

    <p>4.2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the theoretical peak performance of the Summit Supercomputer in petaFLOPS?

    <p>200</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a primary memory type that the CPU communicates with directly?

    <p>RAM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of language do CPUs primarily recognize?

    <p>Machine Language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which device is classified as an output device?

    <p>LCD Screen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which converter is required to run assembly language programs?

    <p>Assembler</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a mass storage device?

    <p>RAM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of memory is used to temporarily store data and programs for the CPU to access?

    <p>RAM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component serves as the 'heart' of the computer and executes instructions?

    <p>Central Processing Unit (CPU)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following input devices is commonly used in embedded applications?

    <p>Sensor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the clock chip in a microprocessor?

    <p>To regulate timing and speed of computer functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component acts as a small memory location within the CPU to speed up data access?

    <p>CPU Cache</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the cache when the processor accesses data?

    <p>It checks if the data is in the cache before accessing main memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the speed of a computer processor commonly measured?

    <p>In clock speed, such as MHz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What fundamental tradeoff exists in CPU cache performance?

    <p>Speed versus accuracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a multi-level cache system, which cache level is typically checked first?

    <p>L1 Cache</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the CPU cache does not hold the required data?

    <p>The CPU accesses main memory directly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the shortest time any computer can perform a function?

    <p>One clock cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'gigaflop' represent in computing?

    <p>One billion floating-point operations per second</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about microcomputers is true?

    <p>They consist of a CPU, memory, and I/O devices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the principal characteristic of a computer's ability to execute instructions?

    <p>It can respond to a specific set of instructions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are floating-point numbers important in computing?

    <p>They simplify the storage of large numerical data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is inaccurate regarding the advancements in computing power?

    <p>The processing speed of ancient computers remains unparalleled.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is classified as a mass storage device?

    <p>Disk drive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following devices inputs data into a microcomputer?

    <p>Mouse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of memory does the CPU communicate with at any given time?

    <p>RAM and ROM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component converts assembly language programs into machine language?

    <p>Assembler</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of output devices?

    <p>Display results of processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes high-level languages from low-level languages?

    <p>They are more user-friendly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common input device for embedded applications?

    <p>Simple switch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of language must be converted before it can be executed by a CPU?

    <p>Assembly language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the paged pool in a computer system?

    <p>To provide a region for Kernel-mode memory allocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a multiprocessor system differ from a uniprocessor system regarding paged pools?

    <p>It has four paged pools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the non-paged pool?

    <p>It is used for allocating system memory that must always be resident</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the hyperspace in process management?

    <p>To map working sets and assist in task creation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component within a microprocessor system is classified as the master?

    <p>Microprocessor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'zeroing a page' refer to in the context of hyperspace?

    <p>Clearing a page in the free list for reuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a microprocessor-based system, how is the ALU categorized?

    <p>As an internal component of the processor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do Kernel-mode components play in memory management?

    <p>They assist in the initialization of paged pools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a CPU cache improve data access for the processor?

    <p>By holding recent data to reduce access time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shortest time any computer can perform a function measured by?

    <p>One clock cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the tradeoff when using larger CPU caches?

    <p>Better hit rates but longer latency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the CPU check first when it needs to retrieve data?

    <p>L1 cache</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is found within the clock chip and is responsible for its frequency of operation?

    <p>Quartz crystal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge does a CPU face due to the speed differences between cache and main memory?

    <p>Fast data retrieval without prefetching necessary data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might a CPU cache not always hold the required data?

    <p>Data was never cached in the first place</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key feature of the Intel 4004 microprocessor when it was released in 1971?

    <p>It had a 4-bit word size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which processor was recognized for its introduction of superscalar architecture?

    <p>Pentium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the transistor count of the Intel Pentium processor?

    <p>3.2 million transistors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is associated with the Intel 80286 processor?

    <p>Virtual memory capability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Moore's Law state regarding the number of transistors in integrated circuits?

    <p>It doubles approximately every 18 months.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What processing frequency range did the Intel Pentium 4 achieve?

    <p>1.4 - 3.4 GHz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant feature of the Intel iCore architecture?

    <p>Support for up to 64 GB of addressable memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of the 80386 microprocessor?

    <p>It supports a 32-bit datapath.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the microprocessor in a microprocessor-based system?

    <p>To control all activities of the system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the function of buses in a microprocessor system?

    <p>To carry data, address, or control signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of I/O devices is highlighted regarding their speed?

    <p>They typically operate at a speed slower than the microprocessor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of memory is used for storing temporary programs and data?

    <p>RAM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates communication from a peripheral to the master system?

    <p>An interrupt signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which device acts as a means to enter data into the microprocessor system?

    <p>Input device</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do additional control signals in the CPU interface facilitate?

    <p>Demultiplexing of signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do peripheral devices often require an interface device?

    <p>To facilitate communication between devices and the microprocessor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Microprocessors (CPUs)

    • A microprocessor is the central processing unit (CPU) of a microcomputer system.
    • A microcomputer system has a minimum of memory (e.g., RAM and ROM) and input/output (I/O) devices (e.g., graphics card, I/O devices)
    • A microcomputer is a programmable machine that runs instructions in a well-defined manner and can execute prerecorded instructions (programs).
    • Modern computers are electronic and digital.

    Byte Scale (Units of Storage/Capacity)

    • Megabyte (MB) = 1,000,000 bytes
    • Gigabyte (GB) = 1,000,000,000 bytes
    • Terabyte (TB) = 1,000,000,000,000 bytes
    • Petabyte (PB) = 1,000,000,000,000,000 bytes
    • Exabyte (EB) = 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 bytes
    • Zettabyte (ZB) = 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bytes
    • Yottabyte (YB) = 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bytes

    Definition: FLOP

    • Floating-point operations per second (FLOPS) are used to measure how quickly computers perform calculations with extremely large numbers.
    • Gigaflops (GFLOPS) is one billion floating-point operations per second
    • Computer systems use floating-point numbers to represent extremely large numbers.
    • ICT professionals use the term "flops" to indicate how quickly computers can calculate floating-point numbers.
    • The use of terms like "gigaflop" correspond to other terms (e.g., gigabyte) which represents a quantity of data storage (one billion bytes)
    • Modern computers have processing speed that exceed a single gigaflop.

    Scientific Prefixes in Computing

    • The table lists scientific prefixes for describing quantities of floating-point operations. (FLOPS). Including kiloFLOPS, megaFLOPS, gigaFLOPS, teraFLOPS, petaFLOPS, exaFLOPS, zettaFLOPS, yottaFLOPS).
    • Each prefix has a corresponding value in terms of powers of 10. (e.g., kilo=10³, mega=10⁶)

    Supercomputing

    • The list of supercomputers includes their performance rating (in petaFLOPS (PF) or teraflops (TF)) and year of release.
    • Examples are Summit, Jaguar, Cray XT5 etc

    Oak Ridge Facility Sumit Supercomputer

    • The Oak Ridge facility houses the supercomputer Summit, which costs €200 million.

    Scales in Computing

    • Terascale: methods and processes using supercomputers with at least 1 teraflop (TFLOPS) or storage capable of holding 1 terabyte (TB).
    • Petabyte: methods and processes using supercomputers capable of performing at least 1 petaFLOPS or storage systems capable of storing at least 1 petabyte (PB)
    • Exascale: methods and processes using supercomputers capable of performing at least 1 exaflop (EFLOPS) or storage systems capable of storing at least 1 exabyte.

    Comparisons - Computing Power

    • Different consoles (PlayStation 4, Xbox One S, PlayStation Pro etc) and a Nintendo Switch's computing power is listed and their respective release dates and performance rating.
    • As of June 2018 the Summit Supercomputer was the fastest machine.

    Block diagrams (Microcomputer & Microprocessor)

    • A block diagram illustrates the architecture of a basic computer system’s components - including CPU, ROM, RAM, input/output interface, input/output devices, address bus, data bus, and control bus.

    Hardware

    • All general-purpose computers require memory to store programs and data.
    • Common mass storage devices include disk drives and tape drives.
    • Usual input devices include a keyboard and mouse.
    • Examples of output devices include display screens, printers.
    • The CPU is the central processing unit; it executes instructions.

    Software

    • Programs and data stored in a microcomputer are called software.
    • Programs can be written in low-level languages (binary or assembly languages) or high-level languages.
    • A CPU understands only binary language which is called machine language.
    • Assembly language instructions include alphabets and/or numeric characters; to run assembly programs a converter called assembler is required.
    • High-level languages are more user friendly using English words; to run them a compiler or interpreter is required.

    Input & Output Devices

    • Input devices are used in microcomputer systems to input electrical or physical information in digital form.
    • Common input devices in embedded applications include simple switches and sensors.
    • General-purpose microcomputers use scanners, keyboards, mice, and network cards for input.
    • Output devices display information or perform required operations.
    • Embedded applications often use LEDs, LCDs, and stepper motors as output devices; general-purpose computers use LCD screens , LED screens, printers , and network cards as output devices.

    Memories

    • Memory is used to temporarily or permanently store computer data and programs.
    • Primary memory (RAM and ROM) is the main memory the CPU uses.
    • Secondary memory (hard disks) stores large amounts of data for use by the CPU when required.

    Memory Classification

    • The diagram shows a classification of memory including Primary / Main Memory, Cache Memory and Secondary/ Auxiliary memory.

    Basic Operation of a Microprocessor

    • A simplified block diagram of a microprocessor (CPU) shows the ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit), Register Section, Control and timing section, and the buses (address, data, and control).

    Memory Mapping for I/O Devices

    • A diagram shows the memory addresses for peripherals and I/O devices within a computer’s memory space.
    • It displays the memory mapping for PCI, chipsets, Direct Media Interface and ICH ranges that are relevant for I/O devices approximately 750MB.

    Memory Mapping

    • In the table a comparison of 64-bit and 32-bit Windows is made with respect to computer architecture, virtual memory, paging file size, hyperspace size in GB etc.

    Explanation: Virtual Memory

    • Virtual memory is a system that extends available physical memory by using a page file/swapfile.
    • Programs can use more memory than is physically available in the RAM.
    • Unused memory will be stored in the page/swap file and retrieved on demand.
    • Virtual memory increases the amount of memory available to programs, including older 32-bit applications.

    Other Explanations

    • Paging file: A virtual disk space that allows the computer to increase the amount of physical storage for virtual memory.
    • Hyperspace: Special memory region for tasks like mapping working sets, setting zero pages or allocating new processes.
    • Paged pool: Part of virtual memory in system space to which Kernel-mode components allocate system memory.
    • Non-paged pool: Dedicated memory regions that are always in physical memory, used for frequently accessed operations.

    Theoretical Limits for Address Busses

    • Different bit sizes of address busses determine the theoretical maximum memory size the computer can address.
    • 16-bit = approximately 65,536 bytes.
    • 32-bit = approximately 4,294,967,296 bytes (4 GB).
    • 64-bit = approximately 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 (16 EB).

    System (Bus)

    • A diagram showing the different components of a computer system including the CPU and Microprocessor, RAM, ROM, Input devices (Keyboard, mouse, etc), Output devices (Monitor, Printer, etc), Storage devices (Floppy disks, CDs, Hard disks, External Memory) and buses.

    The Diagram of a Microprocessor (µP) System

    • The block diagram of a microprocessor (µP) is showed, that includes the CPU chip (ALU, Communication, Registers, Control section). Different buses (DATA, ADRR, CTRL, Clock) and devices connected to the buses.(e.g. Program memory (ROM), Data memory (RAM), Operator devices, Communication devices, Process devices).

    Explanation of a Microprocessor (µP) System

    • Microprocessor is a semiconductor device used as the CPU in microcomputers.
    • VLSI technique is used to manufacture integrated circuits (ICs) that include ALU, register arrays, and control circuitry on a single chip.
    • Microprocessor-based systems (single board computers) have CPU, memory devices (e.g., EPROM, RAM), input devices, output devices, and interconnecting devices (peripherals).
    • Peripherals include keyboard, mouse, and printers
    • Peripheral devices communicate with and are controlled by the CPU through the system bus that has separate lines that carry data, address, or control signals.
    • EPROM stores programs and data permanently. RAM stores program and data temporarily.
    • Input devices provide program data to the system. Output devices show the result to the user.

    Microprocessor (µP) Clock

    • The clock regulates the timing of computer functions in general.
    • A crystal (also called a quartz crystal) inside the clock chip vibrates at a specific frequency when electricity is applied. This frequency determines the processing speed of the computer.
    • The shortest time a computer can perform an operation equals one vibration cycle of the clock.
    • Clock speed is measured in hertz (Hz).

    System BUS – In Real Life

    • Shows a picture of internal components of a computer system.

    Motherboard

    • Illustration showing the internal components of a motherboard including: PCI-Express Slots,Back Panel Connectors,Easy Buttons, Easy OC, Switch,PCIE Slots,etc.

    A CPU Cache

    • A small memory location within the CPU, used by the processor to store frequently used data or instructions.
    • The cache reduces the time to access data from the main memory (RAM).

    A CPU Cache Levels

    • When a processor needs data, it first checks the cache.
    • Faster access if the data is in the cache.
    • Caches prefetch data; however, the caches may not always have the data the CPU needs.
    • An issue with speed versus accuracy arises from the balance between cache latency and hit rate.
    • Larger caches improve hit rates, but increase latency.

    4004

    • The first microprocessor, for a Busicom calculator, released in 1971;
    • It had 10µm process, 2300 transistors, 400 to 800 kHz speed, 4-bit word size, and 16-pin DIP package.
    • Drawn on Rubylith (a light-sensitive material) which makes masks for IC fabrication.

    80286

    • Release date: 1982;
    • IBM PC AT;
    • 1.5µm process; internal ROM characteristics.

    80386

    • Released in 1985;
    • 32-bit processor.
    • Modern x86 ISA; 1.5-1µm process; 275k transistors;16–33MHz; 32-bit word size, 100-pin PGA, microcode ROM, synthesized control.

    Pentium

    • Release date: 1993, Superscalar, using 2 instructions per cycle, separate 8KB Instruction Cache and Data Cache; 0.8-0.35 µm process, 3.2 million transistors, 60–300MHz , 32-bit word size, 296-pin PGA,
    • caches, datapath, FPU, control.

    Pentium 4

    • Released in 2001, very deep pipeline, 256KB-1024KB L2 Cache; 180 nm- 90 nm process technology with 42-125 million transistors, 1.4–3.4GHz, 32-bit word, 478-pin PGA.

    Intel™ iCores

    • Generational Multi-Core CPUs; 4 physical CPU's = 8 logical CPUs; 22 nm technology; 20 MB Intel Smart Cache; Intel 64 architecture; Level 1 Cache 16KB data cache; Level 2 Cache 20MB Smart Cache, dividing up between 8 cores; Boost Technology Up to 3.5GHz; 64GB addressable memory.

    Intel™ i Core 7i

    • Processor Graphics, Core (shows 4 CPUs), Shared L3 Cache, Memory Controller I/O, and system Agent.

    Summary

    • History of Intel microprocessors over three decades tabulated with information like processor, year, feature size(µm), transistors, frequency(Mhz) word size, package.
    • Shows an increase in the transistor count of microprocessors over time.

    Growth in Processing

    • A graph showing an exponential increase in computation speed over time along with the increasing number of calculations per second.
    • Different processing technologies are highlighted. (e.g., mechanical, solid state, vacuum tube, transistor, integrated circuits)

    Growth in Scale (Moore's Law)

    • A graph illustrating Moore's Law, showing the exponential growth of transistors on integrated circuits over time.

    Moore's Law

    • The trend of doubling the number of transistors on integrated circuits approximately every 18 months, which has significantly increased processing power of computers.
    • Observations by Gordon Moore, co-founder of Intel.
    • Moore's original predictions were generally accurate but the pace has slowed.
    • Limitations may exist as transistors get smaller, as the atomic level is reached.

    The Future of CPU's?

    • Future possible alternative CPU technologies being explored include using non-silicon alternatives (such as carbon nanotubes, Molecular computing, and organic molecules), optical computing (using light instead of electricity), and quantum computing.

    Carbon Nano Tubes

    • Carbon nanotubes are a promising new material for computing, as they may be able to boost processing speed and energy efficiency.

    Any Questions?

    • This is a simple question prompt.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of supercomputing concepts, including performance metrics like TFLOPS and EFLOPS, as well as hardware components related to data storage and processing. This quiz covers important terminology and historical facts about supercomputers, measuring both theoretical and practical aspects of computing power.

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