Summary of Ancient Civilizations

<p>The Kingdom of God</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It symbolized the death and resurrection of Jesus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>House Churches</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They provided leadership and guidance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peter</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They believed in the resurrection of the dead.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They engaged in debates about ritual purity and law interpretation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The destruction of the Second Temple.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They anticipated a messianic figure for final redemption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>His concept of the Logos.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They emphasized communal living and shared resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It marked the end of Jewish political autonomy and began the diaspora.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Good Samaritan parable</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through asceticism and communal living.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Communal worship and the Eucharist</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They criticized and rejected traditional practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Edict of Milan</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The concept of a single, all-powerful God.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rebirth and life after death</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It emphasized spiritual pursuits over military discipline.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Focus on personal, mystic connections with the divine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To simplify the administration of the empire</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Establishing a professional mercenary force</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To combat inflation by setting price ceilings</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It led to the death of Emperor Valens</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Religious unity among various cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Political instability and loss of unity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Centralized monarchy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Breakup of tribal divisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oligarchy with dual monarchy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All citizens had equal control over the navy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>More rights and independence</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Council of elders and advisors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>King</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stoicism and Epicureanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Highly centralized with a bureaucratic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The bloody Kalinga War</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Moral teachings and non-violence</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The entire Indian subcontinent including modern Afghanistan and Pakistan</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The establishment of Greek-style cities</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dharma and non-violence</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cultural exchange with local traditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Distributing land and wealth</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Escalation of tensions between Caesar and Pompey</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He maintained his criticism but served in Caesar's government</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>She formed a romantic and political alliance with him</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He was defeated by Caesar's forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Personal grievances related to Roman abuses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Her forces faced defeat and she committed suicide</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mark Antony</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Verulamium (St Albans)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Octavian and Lepidus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To guide his subjects toward an ethical society</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pursuit of pleasure and emotional fulfillment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ethical duties and responsibilities one holds</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kautilya (Chanakya)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Strong centralized governance and power maintenance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liberation from the cycle of reincarnation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Governance and economic management</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Ramayana</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It stands for material success and prosperity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Warfare and military strategy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hammurabi's Code is one of the earliest and most complete written legal codes, created by King Hammurabi of Babylon (c. 1754 BCE). It consists of 282 laws dealing with various aspects of daily life, including justice, marriage, property, and commerce.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lex Talionis (Law of Retaliation)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Egypt had a centralized, theocratic government led by the Pharaoh, considered a god-king with absolute authority. The Pharaoh's power was intertwined with religious duties, and the state was highly organized around monumental projects, such as pyramids. The Pharaoh acted as a divine intermediary between the gods and the people, and his authority was absolute.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mesopotamia was made up of city-states (e.g., Ur, Babylon) where rulers were not seen as divine but were rather seen as representatives of the gods. The political structure was less centralized, and each city-state often had its own laws and governance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Hyksos took control of Egypt between the Middle and New Kingdoms (c. 1650-1550 BCE) through their military innovations, particularly the use of horse-drawn chariots and advanced weaponry like the composite bow, which gave them a tactical advantage over the Egyptian forces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Akhenaten was an Egyptian pharaoh known for radically changing the religious landscape of Egypt by introducing monotheism with the worship of Aten, the sun disk, as the sole god. He is also known for moving the capital city to Akhetaten.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monotheism is the belief in one god. A covenant is a special relationship between God and people or a group, as recorded and given by God.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Torah is the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, including Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. It is the foundation of Jewish law, and contains the laws and commandments given by Yahweh to the Jewish people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Vedas are the religious texts connected with the Aryans and include the Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda, and Atharvaveda.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Aryans spoke Sanskrit, an ancient Indo-European language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The caste system in India is a social hierarchy that divides people into different groups based on their birth. It is associated with Hinduism and impacts various aspects of life, including work, marriage, and social status. It serves to maintain social order, with each caste fulfilling specific roles in society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A Jati is a sub-caste or social group within the broader caste system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Three main tenents of Hinduism are Karma (the belief that one's actions influence future outcomes), Dharma (the moral law or duty one must follow to live a righteous life), and Moksha (Liberation from the cycle of reincarnation).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In Buddhism, Karma refers to the idea that actions have consequences, both in this life and future lives. The actions we perform, positive or negative, will impact the cycle of rebirth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nirvana is the ultimate goal in Buddhism. It represents the cessation of suffering and escape from the cycle of rebirth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Middle Way is about balance in life, emphasizing a balanced approach to life and avoiding extremes in both self-denial and indulgence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atman is the individual soul or self, which is part of the universal spirit, Brahman. The idea is that the Atman is a spark of the divine within each individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Moksha is the ultimate goal in Hinduism. It refers to liberation from the cycle of reincarnation and union with the divine, Brahman.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The central belief of Judaism is monotheism, the belief that God is one and unique, and that he is the sole creator and ruler of the universe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The concept of a covenant in Judaism is a special relationship between God and the Jewish people. It was established by a series of agreements, beginning with God's promises to Abraham, and continuing with Moses and the giving of the Torah.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In Judaism, the Mitzvot are the commandments or laws that Jews are obligated to follow. They are seen as a way of achieving righteousness in the world and fulfilling one's duty to God.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ahura Mazda is the Supreme God in Zoroastrianism, representing good and light, while Angra Mainyu, the Evil Spirit, is in opposition to Ahura Mazda, representing evil and darkness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dualism is the belief that there is a constant cosmic struggle between good and evil, embodied by Ahura Mazda and Angra Mainyu. It is a core belief in Zoroastrianism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In Zoroastrianism, Judgement Day is a central belief. It is the belief that there will be a final judgment when the righteous will be rewarded, and the evil will be punished.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early Christian beliefs centered around the belief that Jesus Christ was the Messiah, the Son of God, and the Savior of humanity. Key tenets included Salvation through Faith (that salvation was available to all who believed in Jesus Christ and accepted him), Resurrection of Jesus (that Jesus had been crucified, died, and was resurrected three days later, which proved his divine nature and the truth of his teachings), Love and Compassion (that Jesus emphasized love for God, love for one's neighbor, and even love for one's enemies), and the Kingdom of God (that Jesus preached about the coming of the Kingdom of God, which is the idea of a spiritual and future earthly reign).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early Christians met in small gatherings in the homes of believers, known as House Churches. They gathered for worship, prayer, and the reading of scriptures. The Apostles and early disciples played leadership roles in these communities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>St. Paul was one of the most influential figures in spreading Christianity. He is known for undertaking three major missionary journeys throughout the Roman Empire, establishing Christian communities in cities like Antioch, Corinth, Ephesus, and Philippi.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Doctrine of Justification by Faith, a core concept in Christian theology, is that salvation is a gift from God and that one cannot earn it through works of the law but only through faith in Jesus Christ.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>St. Paul argued that Gentiles (non-Jews) did not need to adhere to all the Jewish laws (e.g., dietary restrictions, circumcision) to become Christians. This helped open the door for the rapid spread of Christianity beyond Jewish communities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Many Romans were hesitant to convert to Judaism for several reasons. They found the strict monotheism to be too narrow and different from their more flexible inclusive religious practices. They found some of the customs, like circumcision, to be barbaric and not appealing. Also, Judaism was seen as an exclusive faith by many Romans, who were not interested in joining a community that rejected their own Roman pantheon of gods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Sadducees were a group of Jewish elites, often associated with the Temple in Jerusalem and the priesthood. They were conservative in their interpretation of the Torah and rejected the oral traditions upheld by other Jewish sects. They also believed that only the written Torah was authoritative. The Pharisees were a religious group focused on strict adherence to the oral law and the traditions that complemented the written Torah. They were more democratic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Essenes were a separatist group, possibly living in communities such as Qumran near the Dead Sea. They believed in asceticism, communal living, and a strict interpretation of the law.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The decline of the Western Roman Empire can be attributed to several factors including: Barbarian invasions (the pressure from these groups eventually overwhelmed the western half of the empire), Political corruption and instability (the political structure of the Western Roman Empire had become increasingly corrupt and inefficient. Emperors were often overthrown or assassinated, and the Senate and other institutions lost their power, Economic decline (The empire faced severe economic problems, including inflation, a declining agricultural base a shrinking population, and the reliance on slave labor became unsustainable. Trade routes were disrupted by invasions. The empire's vast bureaucracy also drained resources. The decline of the Roman military (it was less disciplined and increasingly relied on mercenaries, many of whom were barbarians. These mercenaries often switched allegiances or joined invading forces). Christianization of the empire (The rise of Christianity led to a decline in civic responsibility and military discipline. The Edict of Milan allowed for freedom of religion and the conversion of the empire to Christianity under Emperor Constantine altered the traditional Roman political and religious landscape altered the traditional Roman political and religious landscape).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diocletian established the Tetrarchy (dividing the empire into four regions, each ruled by either an Augustus or a Caesar), implemented military reforms (restructured the army and strengthened fortified borders), enacted economic reforms (including the Edict on Maximum Prices and tax reform), and pursued religious persecution (aimed to suppress Christianity and restore traditional Roman religious practices).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Battle of Hadrianople, fought in 378 CE, was a catastrophic defeat for the Roman Empire, and a turning point in its history. It was a major turning point in the history of the Roman Empire, signaling the growing vulnerability of the empire and the problems stemming from its reliance on barbarian mercenaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Theodicy refers to the philosophical question of why a just and benevolent God allows suffering to exist in the world. While primarily related to the Jewish faith, it is a concept also prevalent in the Christian faith.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hubris refers to excessive pride or arrogance, often towards the gods, and it often leads to the downfall of the protagonist in Greek tragedies. Catharsis refers to the emotional release or purging that the audience experiences during the tragedy. It is a cleansing of emotions for the members of the audience, often through the feeling of pity and fear by the spectators.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>These warlords played on existing social tensions in Rome. Sulla and Marius used their private armies to undermine the Republic, with Sulla's rise to dictatorship marking a transition from a Republic to a military dictatorship. This led to the end of the Roman Republic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Honestas was a key concept in Roman civic life. It referred to the idea of honor, integrity, and social respectability, and to civic duty (fulfilling ones civic duties, acting ethically in public and private life, etc.) It was key for gaining access to higher political offices. It was an important aspect of Roman civic responsibility and social advancement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>These tensions included the growing inequality between the plebeians and the patricians, as well as the economic hardships caused by landlessness and military service. To gain support, the warlords appealed to the plebeians, offering them land, wealth, and power, which led to the creation of powerful private armies and the further erosion of the Roman Republic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Events leading to the rise of the Roman Empire included The Punic Wars, the Bequest of Pergamum, and Caesar's conquest of Gaul. These events, along with the political power struggles and the rise of warlords within Rome, contributed to the downfall of the Roman Republic and the subsequent rise of the Roman Empire.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rome's view of its provinces evolved over time. Initially, they were viewed as territories to be controlled for economic gain. Later, they were seen more as an integrated part of the empire, with Roman citizens beginning to settle in the provinces. This shift was solidified when citizenship was granted to provincials in 212 CE. This helped solidify the idea of the Roman Empire as a large, multi-ethnic political entity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Punic Wars (264–146 BCE) between Rome and Carthage were crucial in establishing Rome as a dominant Mediterranean power. The First Punic War gave Rome control over Sicily, the Second Punic Warmade Hannibal a famous opponent, but ultimately resulted in Roman control of much of the western Mediterranean, and the Third Punic War led to the complete destruction of Carthage and the annexation of its territories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In 133 BCE, the King of Pergamum, Attalus III, left his kingdom to Rome in his will. This acquisition expanded Rome's influence in Asia Minor and marked the beginning of Rome's imperial expansion beyond the Mediterranean basin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Caesar's conquest of Gaul (58–50 BCE) dramatically expanded Rome's territory and solidified Caesar's personal power. The battle of Gaul helped Caesar to gain vast wealth and the loyalty of his soldiers. This would ultimately lead to Caesar challenging the Roman Republic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The conflict between Lucius Cornelius Sulla and Gaius Marius was one of the key events that destabilized the Roman Republic. Both leaders, seeking political power, used their personal armies to undermine the Roman Republic. This undermined the idea that the state was a government of laws and institutions, and led to widespread conflict and instability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Epic of Gilgamesh is one of the oldest known works of literature, originating in Mesopotamia. It follows the adventures of Gilgamesh, the king of Uruk, and his journey towards self-understanding. He comes into conflict with Enkidu, a wild man created by the gods to humble him. The two become friends and embark on dangerous quests. Enkidu later dies, which deeply affects Gilgamesh and makes him confront his own mortality. He embarks on a quest to find the secret of eternal life. Eventually, he learns that it is not for mortals. It's a journey about friendship and the acceptance of mortality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Peloponnesian War (431–404 BCE) was a long conflict between Athens (and its allies) and Sparta (and its allies). The war started with the Athenian expedition to Sicily, which was disastrous, and led to the plague in Athens which weakened the city. Sparta was helped by Persia. The Spartans succeeded in defeating the Athenians, leading to the fragmentation of Greece. They were both weakened and there was a loss of unity in Greece, which allowed Macedonia to rise to power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A 'polis' is a Greek city-state, which usually consisted of a central urban area and its surrounding countryside. It was an independent unit with its own government, laws, and military.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Retribution (Lex Talionis) and Social Hierarchy in Justice</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A prophet is a person who communicates messages from God, often warning or guiding people based on divine revelation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Akhenaten was an Egyptian pharaoh known for radically changing the religious landscape of Egypt by introducing monotheism with the worship of Aten, the sun disk, as the sole god.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three major ideas of Judaism are Monotheism, Covenant and Moral and Ethical Law.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Artha refers to material success and prosperity. It represents the pursuit of wealth, power, and social standing, but in a manner that is lawful and ethically guided.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kautilya, also known as Chanakya, was an ancient Indian philosopher, economist, and statesman. He is most famous for his role as the chief advisor to Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of the Maurya Empire.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Arthashastra is an ancient Indian text attributed to Kautilya (Chanakya). It provides advice on governance, economic management, warfare, law, and diplomacy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Ramayana is one of the two major epic texts of Hinduism, attributed to the sage Valmiki. It narrates the story of Prince Rama, his wife Sita, and his loyal companion Hanuman as they struggle to rescue Sita from the demon king Ravana.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Mahabharata is the longest epic poem in world literature, attributed to the sage Vyasa. It tells the story of the Kurukshetra War between two groups of cousins, the Pandavas and the Kauravas, and explores themes of justice, righteousness, and human nature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A polis is a city-state in ancient Greece, consisting of a city and the surrounding countryside. Each polis was an independent unit with its own government, laws, and military.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cleisthenes reorganized the political system, Pericles expanded direct democracy, Themistocles' naval expansion and trial by jury</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arête is the Greek concept of excellence or virtue, often achieved through courage, wisdom, and honor. In the context of Greek heroes, it meant the fulfillment of one's potential and achieving greatness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Peloponnesian War was a long conflict between Athens (and its allies) and Sparta (and its allies). The war was marked by strategic mistakes, including Athens’ failed expedition to Sicily.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Athens' decision to invade Sicily was disastrous. Additionally, the plague in Athens weakened its population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Mandate of Heaven was a political and religious doctrine in ancient China used to justify the ruler's authority. It was believed that the emperor's right to rule was granted by heaven, and that a ruler's success or failure reflected their ability to govern justly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Legalism is a strict, authoritarian philosophy that emphasizes law and order as the foundation of society, with harsh punishments for those who disobey. It is associated with the Qin Dynasty, particularly under Qin Shi Huangdi.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Great Wall was constructed to protect against invasions, primarily from nomadic tribes to the north.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Roman army was increasingly loyal to individual generals, and the warlords used their military power to seize control of the state, undermining the authority of the Senate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ambition of warlords like Sulla and Marius and their use of personal armies to seize control of the state undermined the authority of the Senate and contributed significantly to the collapse of the Roman Republic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Pax Romana is a period of relative peace and stability in the Roman Empire that lasted from the reign of Augustus (27 BCE) to the death of Marcus Aurelius (180 CE).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Punic Wars were a series of conflicts between Rome and Carthage that established Rome as a dominant power in the Mediterranean region.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Bequest of Pergamum marked the beginning of Rome's imperial expansion beyond the Mediterranean basin and set a precedent for Rome to acquire more provinces through inheritance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Caesar's conquest of Gaul solidified his personal power, provided him with vast wealth, and helped to lay the foundation for the rise of the Roman Empire.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Three key ideas/beliefs of Judaism are Monotheism, Covenant and Moral and Ethical Conduct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Talmud is a central text in Rabbinic Judaism, consisting commentaries and interpretations of the Torah and Jewish law.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The decline of the Roman Empire was caused by a combination of factors, including barbarian invasions, political instability, economic decline, military weakness and the rise of Christianity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diocletian's reforms included the Tetrarchy (dividing the empire into four regions), military reforms to strengthen the Roman army, economic reforms to stabilize the economy and religious persecution of Christians.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This period was marked by instability, political chaos, military defeats, and a declining economy. It was also a time of barbarian invasions that further destabilized the empire.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Hyksos were able to conquer much of Egypt due to their advanced military technology and Egypt's weakened state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Akhenaten introduced monotheism in Egypt, replacing the traditional polytheistic worship with the worship of Aten, the sun disk. He also shifted the capital of Egypt to Akhetaten.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two characteristics of Hammurabi's Code are Lex Talionis – “an eye for an eye” and Social Class Consideration – different punishments based on social status.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>St. Paul spread Christianity through missionary journeys, his writings, emphasizing justification by faith and by breaking down Jewish Law for Gentiles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ancient Egypt was ruled by a pharaoh, a divinely empowered king with absolute authority, while Mesopotamia was a collection of city-states with less centralized rule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Judaism attracted Roman interest due to their strict monotheism, their ethical teachings, and the presence of Jewish communities throughout the Roman Empire.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Romans hesitated to convert to Judaism due to their suspicion of monotheism, their belief that Judaism was exclusive, and the requirement of male circumcision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Barbarian invasions posed significant challenges to the Roman Empire due to their constant pressure on Roman borders, the drain on Roman resources, and the weakening of the empire's military strength.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Key events/processes that led to the fall of the Western Roman Empire include barbarian invasions, political instability, economic decline, military weakness, and the rise of Christianity.</p> Signup and view all the answers