Suicide Statistics and Terminology Quiz

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What percentage of violent deaths in men is attributed to suicide?

80%

35%

50% (correct)

65%

Which age group has the highest suicide rates?

30-50 years

15-29 years

50-70 years

70 years and older (correct)

What is the average suicide rate for Canada in 2013 per 100,000 individuals?

14.5

11.5 (correct)

20.0

8.0

What term is appropriate to use instead of 'successful suicide'?

Complete suicide Signup and view all the answers

Why is it challenging to gather accurate statistics on suicide?

People do not want to talk about it Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a requirement for diagnosing Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?

Increased self-esteem Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of Bipolar 2 disorder?

Hypomania and major depressive disorder Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with a manic episode?

Racing thoughts Signup and view all the answers

What type of therapy is known for addressing cognitive distortions and maladaptive behaviors?

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about anxiety disorders is accurate?

It can include behavioral, emotional, cognitive, and physiological symptoms. Signup and view all the answers

What is the therapeutic level of lithium, a common mood stabilizer?

Below the toxic level Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of transcranial magnetic stimulation?

To change brain activity without seizures Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is characterized by a persistent state of low mood lasting for years, without meeting full criteria for MDD?

Dysthymia Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of hallucination in psychiatric disorders?

Auditory Signup and view all the answers

Which assessment is used to evaluate the presence of hallucinations, anxiety, mood, and suicidal thoughts?

HAMS assessment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common characteristic of psychosis?

Disruption of thought processes Signup and view all the answers

Which type of disorder can involve reactions to overwhelming experiences?

Acute stress disorder Signup and view all the answers

When does schizophrenia typically affect men compared to women?

Men are affected earlier than women Signup and view all the answers

What is the main approach for mental health nurses when interacting with patients experiencing psychosis?

Engaging with reality-based conversation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a criterion for involuntary treatment under the Mental Health Act?

The illness allows for appropriate responses to the environment. Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean when a person is certified under the Mental Health Act?

They are mandated to remain in a treatment center against their will. Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a situation where individuals do not recognize any issue with their behavior?

Egosyntonic Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following traits is part of the CANOE model of personality?

Conscientiousness Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of poorly developed personality disorders?

Difficulty in personal relationships Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents an external locus of control in personality development?

Belief that outcomes are influenced by environmental factors Signup and view all the answers

In the context of legal rights, what can individuals involuntarily admitted under the Mental Health Act do?

Request a second medical opinion. Signup and view all the answers

What can be a possible cause of fractured personality development?

Lack of emotional regulation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an implication for nursing when dealing with personality disorders?

Maintain a consistent approach Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the purposes of the Mental Health Act?

Ensure the protection of certified individuals. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a community risk factor for suicide?

Stigma associated with help-seeking behaviour Signup and view all the answers

What does the first question in the three-step theory of suicide assess?

Level of pain and hopelessness Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a situational warning sign of suicide?

Recent death of a major relationship Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is considered a protective factor against suicide?

Strong personal relationships Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely outcome if an individual's pain exceeds their connectedness according to the three-step theory of suicide?

Strong desire for suicide Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a behavioural warning sign of suicide?

Change in work performance Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes horizontal or lateral bullying?

Bullying from peers at the same level Signup and view all the answers

Which of these factors is NOT a risk factor for violence?

Effective communication Signup and view all the answers

What is the DSM-5 used for?

Diagnosing mental illness Signup and view all the answers

In the context of emotions, what defines feelings?

Cognitive interpretation of emotions Signup and view all the answers

How is anger typically described in psychological terms?

Normal human emotion often tied to control Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a method for de-escalating a conflict?

Providing time and space Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes major depressive disorder (MDD)?

Changes in normal behavior Signup and view all the answers

What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia characterized by?

Lack of expected behaviors or functions Signup and view all the answers

What is the first phase of schizophrenia as identified in the phases of schizophrenia?

Prodromal Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment method is included in the management of schizophrenia?

Cognitive behavioral therapy Signup and view all the answers

What misconception about addiction suggests that it solely arises from substance use?

Addictions originate from substance Signup and view all the answers

In the context of addiction, what does the hypofunction reward system lead to?

Tolerance due to the body's adaptation Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily excitatory and plays a role in the reward system related to addiction?

Dopamine Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of motivational interviewing in addiction treatment?

To empower the individual to make decisions Signup and view all the answers

What ethical principle emphasizes the need to avoid causing harm?

Non-maleficence Signup and view all the answers

Which of these rights is guaranteed to voluntary admission mental health patients?

Participation in care decisions Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of 'Rat Park' used to illustrate?

The role of environment in drug use Signup and view all the answers

When is informed consent deemed valid?

When patients are fully educated about their condition and treatment Signup and view all the answers

What is a common reason why confidentiality might need to be broken?

To prevent harm to the individual or others Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the action stage in the stages of change model?

Active engagement in behavioral change Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the limbic system in relation to addiction?

Controlling emotions and responses to pleasure Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Suicide

Suicide is the intentional taking of one's own life.
A suicide attempt is an act on suicidal thoughts to die.
Suicidal behavior includes actions leading to a suicide attempt.
Avoid using "commit" suicide, as it implies criminality.
Avoid using "successful" or "failed" suicide—suicide is never a success.
Use precise language like "completed," "attempt," or "died from acting on suicidal thoughts."
Suicide is preventable.
Vulnerable, marginalized, and discriminated people are at higher risk due to feelings of isolation and lack of support.
Suicide rates are higher for women than men.
8 women per 100,000 commit suicide.
50% of male violent deaths, 71% of female violent deaths are related to suicide.
Suicide rates peak in those aged 70+.
It's the second leading cause of death in 15-29 year olds globally.
Common suicide methods include pesticide ingestion, hanging, and firearms.
Suicide statistics are challenging to collect due to low reporting rates and reluctance to discuss.
Previous suicidal behavior provides valuable insights for prevention.
Creating a supportive environment fosters open discussions regarding past suicidal thoughts. This involves reducing stigma, changing language, and correcting myths about suicide.
Canada's average suicide rate in 2013 was 11.5/100,000.
Approximately 4,000 suicides occur in Canada annually, with ~500 in BC.
Health system and societal risks impacting suicide include barriers to accessing healthcare, access to means (guns), inappropriate media representation, and stigma.
Community and relationship risks include disasters, wars, stress from immigration, discrimination, trauma, isolation, relationship conflicts, and loss.
Individual risks include previous suicide attempts, mental disorders, substance abuse, job/financial loss, hopelessness, chronic pain, family history of suicide, and genetic predisposition (least likely).
Verbal warning signs include direct statements ("I'm thinking of dying") and indirect hints ("I'm tired, I need to get away"). Follow up with questions if needed.
Behavioral warning signs include altered work performance, mood changes, social withdrawal, discussing exit strategies, acquiring weapons/stockpiling pills, organizing affairs, gifting possessions, altered interest in religion, substance abuse/relapse, visiting dangerous locations, unusual appearance, and prior attempts.
Situational warning signs include firings, moves, relationship deaths, serious diagnoses, loss of freedom, anticipated financial losses, feeling like a burden, fear of non-acceptance, and recent tragedies.
Protective factors include strong relationships, religious/spiritual beliefs, and positive coping mechanisms.
3-Step Suicide Theory: Identifies pain and hopelessness, pain exceeding connectedness, and ability to attempt as cues.

Violence

Violence is the exertion of power and control.
Anger is a normal emotion—a reaction to provocation; frustration, hurt, or fear.
Aggression is negative anger. It's a progression, not an on/off switch.
Types of violence include physical, sexual, emotional, psychological, spiritual, cultural, verbal abuse, financial abuse, and neglect.
Workplace violence: physical force to cause injury.
Types of bullying include horizontal/lateral and vertical.
Risk factors for violence include history of violence, abuse, trauma, medical conditions, substance abuse, communication difficulties.
Stressors that can lead to violence: pain, lack of sleep, unmet needs, lack of control, disruption, new environments, and external factors (lighting, noise).
Avoid focusing on the person, entering personal space, medical jargon, arguing, or reacting with fear, frustration, or anger.
Non-verbal communication cues include personal space, body language, eye contact, touch, and posture.
Vocal and verbal communication must be simple, empathetic, caring, positive, validating feelings, using their own language, paraphrasing, and clarifying.
Avoid phrases like "calm down," "relax," "I understand," "I know how you feel," "Don't you remember?" and others.

De-escalation Strategies

De-escalation techniques include offering time/space, redirection, distractions, providing options, and support from co-workers.

Point of Care Risk Assessment (PCRA)

PCRA factors include the person, the environment, the task, and the assessor.

Behavioral Emergency

A behavioral emergency is a situation requiring immediate intervention to prevent danger or death to self or others.
Removal from the situation may be needed beyond de-escalation.

Mental Disorders

DSM-5: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, version 5; used to diagnose mental illness.
Mood is a longer duration and generalized feeling; not specific to anything.
Emotions are fast, chemical reactions to situations; easily manipulated.
Feelings are cognitive interpretations of emotions.
Euthymic mood: normal mood.
Mania: elevated, expansive, or irritable mood. It impairs function and has a short duration (days/weeks).
Hypomania: similar to mania but allows for functioning.
Major Depressive Disorder: Characterized by depressed mood and decreased interest/pleasure plus at least three of these: weight loss/gain, abnormal sleep, psychomotor retardation/agitation, fatigue, worthlessness, decreased concentration, recurrent suicidal thoughts.
Other Depressive Disorders: Postpartum, premenstrual dysphoric, seasonal affective, dysthymia.
Diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder: Mania/hypomania for at least one week, plus at least three of the following: elevated self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, pressured speech, flight of ideas, distractibility, increased goal-directed activity, psychomotor agitation, risk-taking behavior.
Bipolar 1: One or more manic episodes and one or more major depressive episodes (e.g., meets all criteria).
Bipolar 2: Hypomania and major depressive episodes (the mix between the two).
Cyclothymic: Repeated hypomanic and depressive episodes. Not MDD.
Rapid Cycling: Four or more mood episodes within a year.
Anxiety: Vague apprehension and dread, can have behavioral, emotional, cognitive, and physiological symptoms.
Trauma: Overwhelming, single or multiple experiences, causing the inability to cope or integrate emotions.
Stress: Wear and tear on the body.
General Adaptation Syndrome (stress): Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion.
Other disorders: Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Panic Disorder, Phobias, PTSD, OCD, Adjustment disorder, Acute Stress Disorder, Dissociative Disorder (multiple personality disorder), Agoraphobia.

Treatment

Antidepressants (SSRI, tricyclic, atypical): Affect serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine.
Mood stabilizers (lithium, anticonvulsants): Monitor lithium levels (therapeutic level is just below toxic). Lithium interacts with water balance.
Anxiolytics (benzodiazepines): Addictive, some antidepressants.
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): For non-responsive patients; involves seizures and brain changes.
Talk therapies (CBT, Exposure, Adaptive Disclosure, Grounding, Mindfulness, Positive reframing, etc.).
Light Therapy: Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD).
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS): Similar to ECT but without seizures.

Mental Wellness Assessment

Includes self-esteem, emotional regulation, support networks, resilience, spirituality.

Mental Status Exam (MSE)

Includes appearance, behavior, cooperation, speech, mood, affect, thought process/content, insight, and judgment (e.g., a tool to assess)

HAMS assessment

Hallucinations, Anxiety, Mood, Suicidal thoughts

Nursing Considerations

Safety, non-judgmental approach, maintaining consistent energy, active listening, validation, encouragement, help regain control.

Psychosis

Disruption of thought process, often includes delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking.

Delusions

False beliefs—paranoid, persecutory, idea of reference, religious, grandiose, bizarre, thought withdrawal/insertion/broadcasting.

Hallucinations

Sensory perceptions in the absence of stimuli. (auditory, visual, audio-visual, tactile, olfactory, gustatory)

Disorganized Thinking

Poverty of speech, tangential speech, illogical statements, preservation, thought blocking/loose association.

Schizophrenia

Etiology: Unknown, but genetic factors, environmental conditions, and brain abnormalities are believed to play roles, along with dopamine and serotonin biochemistry.
Prevalence: ~1.1% of the population over 18.
Onset: Men (late teens/early 20s), Women (mid-teens/early 30s). Later detection makes treatment more difficult.
DSM-5 Criteria: Two or more of these within a month, including delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, catatonic behavior, or negative symptoms. Impaired functioning below prior level for at least six months.
Positive Symptoms: Symptoms seen in schizophrenia but not in general population.
Negative Symptoms: Absences of typical behaviors in the general population.
Cognitive Symptoms: Effects cognition.
Phases: Prodromal, Active, Residual.
Types: Paranoid, Disorganized, Catatonic, Undifferentiated, Residual.
Treatment: Medication, ECT, talk therapy, and occupational therapy.
Side Effects of Medications: Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), tardive dyskinesia (TD), neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), seizure, anticholinergic symptoms.

Addiction

Compulsive, excessive, and difficult to control substance or non-substance use.
Misconceptions:
Addiction isn't always a substance use problem. Addiction encompasses compulsive, pleasurable, difficult-to-control behavior that interferes with daily functioning.
It's not a choice.
It is a brain disease affecting the limbic system (reward center) which controls emotions and behavioral responses. Neurotransmitters (inhibitory and excitatory) are central, but also the interaction of body and environment.
Hypofunctioning Reward System: Tolerance develops as the body compensates for substance overload, resulting in an increased need for the substance over time.
Similar Chemical Structures: Heroin/opioids have similarities to endorphins; nicotine mimics acetylcholine thereby causing dopamine release; alcohol binds to dopamine and norepinephrine receptors.
Why People Engage: Addiction soothes pain, offers a sense of control, peace of mind, connection, relaxation, and validation, potentially filling desires not being met through healthy avenues.

The Stages-of-Change Model

Precontemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, Action, Maintenance. Patients can move between stages.

Ethics

Autonomy: Independence; ensuring autonomy, but acknowledging potential limitations due to illness.
Beneficence: Doing good; providing the best care.
Non-maleficence: Do no harm.
Confidentiality exceptions: when harm is imminent.
Informed consent: patients must provide valid informed consent.
Rights of voluntary/involuntary admissions (MHA) to be considered, as well as those with respect to their treatment and care.
MHA: Provincial laws ensuring the treatment of people with mental illness.
Criteria for involuntary treatment: Impairment, worsening condition, risk prevention (such as suicide, harm), and non-seeking help.
Review of certification—re-evaluation and patient agency are necessary

Personality

Personality: enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting.
Trait Theory: Stable enduring patterns, conscious motivation. CANOE (Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Openness, Extraversion).
Social Cognitive Perspective: Observing/learning behaviors and how we think about situations influencing our reactions.
Personal Control: Internal (cognition of impacting life/decisions) vs. external (others impact life/decisions).
Personality Development (Adolescents/Toddlers): Social self, sexuality, relationships; developing how we view ourselves in relation to others.
Incomplete Personality Development: trauma, emotional dysregulation, manipulation, or lack of empathy.
Personality Disorders: Diagnosed when enduring patterns result in work/relationship issues, inaccurate world perception, and improper/intense emotional reactions and poor impulse control.
Egosyntonic vs. Egodystonic: Egosyntonic: doesn't feel like a problem; Egodystonic: feels like a problem.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your knowledge on suicide statistics and the appropriate terminology surrounding the subject. This quiz covers various aspects of suicide rates, including demographic factors and challenges in data collection. Understand the importance of language and accuracy in discussing this critical topic.