Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the molecular size of a monosaccharide?
What is the molecular size of a monosaccharide?
How many carbon atoms are typically found in naturally occurring monosaccharides?
How many carbon atoms are typically found in naturally occurring monosaccharides?
Which of the following is NOT a pentose?
Which of the following is NOT a pentose?
Which monosaccharide is an important intermediate in glycolysis?
Which monosaccharide is an important intermediate in glycolysis?
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Which of the following has a chiral carbon center?
Which of the following has a chiral carbon center?
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Which type of monosaccharide includes Aldose and Ketose?
Which type of monosaccharide includes Aldose and Ketose?
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Which type of bond is formed between two monosaccharide units in a disaccharide?
Which type of bond is formed between two monosaccharide units in a disaccharide?
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What is the main reason why glucose is considered a reducing sugar?
What is the main reason why glucose is considered a reducing sugar?
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Which enzyme is responsible for the hydrolysis of maltose under acidic conditions?
Which enzyme is responsible for the hydrolysis of maltose under acidic conditions?
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What type of sugar is lactose commonly known as?
What type of sugar is lactose commonly known as?
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Which type of sugar has three isomeric forms?
Which type of sugar has three isomeric forms?
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What does the presence of a hemiacetal carbon in glucose contribute to its classification as a reducing sugar?
What does the presence of a hemiacetal carbon in glucose contribute to its classification as a reducing sugar?
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Why do jams and jellies cooked with acid-containing foods taste sweeter than pure sucrose?
Why do jams and jellies cooked with acid-containing foods taste sweeter than pure sucrose?
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Which sugar substitute is synthesized from sucrose by substituting chlorine atoms for hydroxyl groups?
Which sugar substitute is synthesized from sucrose by substituting chlorine atoms for hydroxyl groups?
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In what way does neotame differ structurally from aspartame?
In what way does neotame differ structurally from aspartame?
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Which type of sugar substitute is 7000 times sweeter than sucrose?
Which type of sugar substitute is 7000 times sweeter than sucrose?
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What are oligosaccharides?
What are oligosaccharides?
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Which foods naturally contain oligosaccharides?
Which foods naturally contain oligosaccharides?
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What is the function of hyaluronic acid?
What is the function of hyaluronic acid?
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What distinguishes acidic polysaccharides from other polysaccharides?
What distinguishes acidic polysaccharides from other polysaccharides?
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What is the primary function of heparin?
What is the primary function of heparin?
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Which monosaccharides are present in hyaluronic acid?
Which monosaccharides are present in hyaluronic acid?
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What is the source of pharmaceutical heparin?
What is the source of pharmaceutical heparin?
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What differentiates hyaluronic acid from heparin in terms of function?
What differentiates hyaluronic acid from heparin in terms of function?
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What is the primary function of insulin in carbohydrate metabolism?
What is the primary function of insulin in carbohydrate metabolism?
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Which hormone is released when blood-glucose levels are low?
Which hormone is released when blood-glucose levels are low?
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What stimulates the release of insulin?
What stimulates the release of insulin?
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Which hormone speeds up the conversion of glycogen to glucose?
Which hormone speeds up the conversion of glycogen to glucose?
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What is the core metabolic disorder associated with insulin?
What is the core metabolic disorder associated with insulin?
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Which hormone is released by the adrenal glands in response to anger, fear, or excitement?
Which hormone is released by the adrenal glands in response to anger, fear, or excitement?
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Study Notes
Hormonal Control of Carbohydrate Metabolism
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Insulin is a 51-amino-acid protein hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas that promotes the uptake and utilization of glucose by cells and lowers blood-glucose levels.
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Insulin triggers the release of glucose into cells, increases glycogenesis, glycolysis, and fatty acid synthesis, and is involved in lipid metabolism.
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Insulin is released in response to high blood-glucose levels and is pivotal in the metabolic disorder known as diabetes.
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Glucagon is a 29-amino-acid polypeptide hormone produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas that increases blood-glucose concentrations by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver.
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Glucagon's effects are opposite those of insulin and are released in response to low blood-glucose levels.
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Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is released by the adrenal glands in response to anger, fear, or excitement and stimulates glycogenolysis, releasing glucose from glycogen.
Carbohydrates Classification
- Carbohydrates can be classified based on molecular size into monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides.
Monosaccharides
- Monosaccharides are carbohydrates that contain a single polyhydroxy aldehyde or polyhydroxy ketone unit and cannot be broken down into simpler units by hydrolysis reactions.
- Naturally occurring monosaccharides have from three to seven carbon atoms, with five- and six-carbon species being especially common.
- Examples of monosaccharides include glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone, ribose, arabinose, xylose, glucose, and fructose.
Disaccharides
- Disaccharides are carbohydrates that contain two monosaccharide units covalently bonded to each other.
- Examples of disaccharides include sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar), and maltose.
- Disaccharides can be hydrolyzed to produce two monosaccharide units.
Oligosaccharides
- Oligosaccharides are carbohydrates that contain three to ten monosaccharide units bonded to each other via glycoside linkages.
- Examples of oligosaccharides include raffinose, a trisaccharide found in onions, cabbage, and broccoli.
Polysaccharides
- Acidic polysaccharides, such as hyaluronic acid and heparin, are heteropolysaccharides with a disaccharide repeating unit in which one of the disaccharide components is an amino sugar and one or both disaccharide components has a negative charge.
- Hyaluronic acid is used as a lubricant in joints and has a jelly-like consistency in the vitreous humor of the eye.
- Heparin is a small, highly-sulfated polysaccharide used as a blood anticoagulant, preventing the formation of clots in the blood and retarding the growth of existing clots.
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Description
Test your knowledge on sugar chemistry and its applications in food preparation. Learn about sucrose hydrolysis, invert sugar formation, and the sweetness of glucose-fructose mixtures compared to sucrose. Explore different sugar patterns and sugar substitutes like saccharin.
