Sugar Chemistry and Applications Quiz
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Sugar Chemistry and Applications Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the molecular size of a monosaccharide?

  • Single polyhydroxy aldehyde or polyhydroxy ketone unit (correct)
  • Multiple polyhydroxy aldehyde units
  • Two polyhydroxy ketone units
  • Polyhydroxy aldehyde and ketone units together

    • How many carbon atoms are typically found in naturally occurring monosaccharides?

  • 4-6 (correct)
  • 1-3
  • 11-15
  • 7-10

    • Which of the following is NOT a pentose?

  • Allose
  • Ribose
  • Arabinose
  • Fructose (correct)

    • Which monosaccharide is an important intermediate in glycolysis?

    <p>Dihydroxyacetone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following has a chiral carbon center?

    <p>D-Glyceraldehyde</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of monosaccharide includes Aldose and Ketose?

    <p>-Sorbose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bond is formed between two monosaccharide units in a disaccharide?

    <p>Glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why glucose is considered a reducing sugar?

    <p>Presence of an aldehyde group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for the hydrolysis of maltose under acidic conditions?

    <p>Maltase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sugar is lactose commonly known as?

    <p>Milk sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sugar has three isomeric forms?

    <p>Sucrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the presence of a hemiacetal carbon in glucose contribute to its classification as a reducing sugar?

    <p>Capable of reducing other substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do jams and jellies cooked with acid-containing foods taste sweeter than pure sucrose?

    <p>The acid content breaks down the sucrose into more glucose and fructose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sugar substitute is synthesized from sucrose by substituting chlorine atoms for hydroxyl groups?

    <p>Sucralose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does neotame differ structurally from aspartame?

    <p>Neotame has a 3,3-dimethylbutyl group attached to the terminal -NH2 group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sugar substitute is 7000 times sweeter than sucrose?

    <p>Neotame</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are oligosaccharides?

    <p>Carbohydrates containing three to ten monosaccharide units bonded via glycoside linkages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which foods naturally contain oligosaccharides?

    <p>Onions, cabbage, and broccoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of hyaluronic acid?

    <p>Lubricating joints and the vitreous humor of the eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes acidic polysaccharides from other polysaccharides?

    <p>They contain galacturonic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of heparin?

    <p>Preventing the formation of blood clots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which monosaccharides are present in hyaluronic acid?

    <p>Glucosamine and Glucuronate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of pharmaceutical heparin?

    <p>Intestinal or lung tissue of pigs and cows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates hyaluronic acid from heparin in terms of function?

    <p>Preventing blood clot formation vs. blood anticoagulant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of insulin in carbohydrate metabolism?

    <p>Promote the uptake and utilization of glucose by cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is released when blood-glucose levels are low?

    <p>Glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the release of insulin?

    <p>High blood-glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone speeds up the conversion of glycogen to glucose?

    <p>Glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the core metabolic disorder associated with insulin?

    <p>Diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is released by the adrenal glands in response to anger, fear, or excitement?

    <p>Epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hormonal Control of Carbohydrate Metabolism

    • Insulin is a 51-amino-acid protein hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas that promotes the uptake and utilization of glucose by cells and lowers blood-glucose levels.

    • Insulin triggers the release of glucose into cells, increases glycogenesis, glycolysis, and fatty acid synthesis, and is involved in lipid metabolism.

    • Insulin is released in response to high blood-glucose levels and is pivotal in the metabolic disorder known as diabetes.

    • Glucagon is a 29-amino-acid polypeptide hormone produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas that increases blood-glucose concentrations by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver.

    • Glucagon's effects are opposite those of insulin and are released in response to low blood-glucose levels.

    • Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is released by the adrenal glands in response to anger, fear, or excitement and stimulates glycogenolysis, releasing glucose from glycogen.

    Carbohydrates Classification

    • Carbohydrates can be classified based on molecular size into monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides.

    Monosaccharides

    • Monosaccharides are carbohydrates that contain a single polyhydroxy aldehyde or polyhydroxy ketone unit and cannot be broken down into simpler units by hydrolysis reactions.
    • Naturally occurring monosaccharides have from three to seven carbon atoms, with five- and six-carbon species being especially common.
    • Examples of monosaccharides include glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone, ribose, arabinose, xylose, glucose, and fructose.

    Disaccharides

    • Disaccharides are carbohydrates that contain two monosaccharide units covalently bonded to each other.
    • Examples of disaccharides include sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar), and maltose.
    • Disaccharides can be hydrolyzed to produce two monosaccharide units.

    Oligosaccharides

    • Oligosaccharides are carbohydrates that contain three to ten monosaccharide units bonded to each other via glycoside linkages.
    • Examples of oligosaccharides include raffinose, a trisaccharide found in onions, cabbage, and broccoli.

    Polysaccharides

    • Acidic polysaccharides, such as hyaluronic acid and heparin, are heteropolysaccharides with a disaccharide repeating unit in which one of the disaccharide components is an amino sugar and one or both disaccharide components has a negative charge.
    • Hyaluronic acid is used as a lubricant in joints and has a jelly-like consistency in the vitreous humor of the eye.
    • Heparin is a small, highly-sulfated polysaccharide used as a blood anticoagulant, preventing the formation of clots in the blood and retarding the growth of existing clots.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on sugar chemistry and its applications in food preparation. Learn about sucrose hydrolysis, invert sugar formation, and the sweetness of glucose-fructose mixtures compared to sucrose. Explore different sugar patterns and sugar substitutes like saccharin.

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