Sudanese Civil War: Causes and Overview

The Sudanese Civil War was a series of conflicts that took place in Sudan from 1955 to 2005, with a brief hiatus from 1972 to 1983.
The war was fought between the Sudanese government and the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA), a rebel group representing the southern region of Sudan.

Roots of the conflict date back to colonial era, with British colonial powers favoring the Arab and Muslim north over the black African and Christian/animist south.
Post-independence, the Sudanese government's policies of Arabization and Islamization further exacerbated tensions between the north and south.
Economic and political marginalization of the south, including lack of representation in government and limited access to resources.

First Civil War (1955-1972): Led by the Anyanya rebel group, the war ended with the Addis Ababa Agreement, which granted autonomy to the southern region.
Second Civil War (1983-2005): Led by the SPLA, the war was marked by widespread human rights abuses, including slavery and forced labor.
Split of the SPLA (1991): The SPLA split into two factions, led by John Garang and Riek Machar, respectively.
Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) (2005): Signed between the Sudanese government and the SPLA, the CPA established a power-sharing government and paved the way for South Sudan's independence.

Displacement and Refugees: Estimated 2 million people displaced, with hundreds of thousands fleeing to neighboring countries.
Casualties: Estimated 1-2 million deaths, with widespread reports of atrocities, including massacres, torture, and forced labor.
Humanitarian Crisis: The war led to a severe humanitarian crisis, with widespread poverty, hunger, and disease.

John Garang: Leader of the SPLA and a key figure in the Sudanese Civil War.
Omar al-Bashir: President of Sudan during the second civil war, accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity.
Riek Machar: Leader of the SPLA faction that split from Garang's leadership.

The conflict lasted from 1955 to 2005, with a pause from 1972 to 1983.
The war was fought between the Sudanese government and the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA), representing the southern region of Sudan.

Roots of the conflict date back to the colonial era, with British favoritism towards the Arab and Muslim north over the black African and Christian/animist south.
Post-independence, the Sudanese government's Arabization and Islamization policies exacerbated tensions between the north and south.
The south faced economic and political marginalization, including lack of representation in government and limited access to resources.

First Civil War (1955-1972): Led by the Anyanya rebel group, ending with the Addis Ababa Agreement, which granted autonomy to the southern region.
Second Civil War (1983-2005): Led by the SPLA, marked by widespread human rights abuses, including slavery and forced labor.
Split of the SPLA (1991): The SPLA split into two factions, led by John Garang and Riek Machar, respectively.
Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) (2005): Signed between the Sudanese government and the SPLA, establishing a power-sharing government and paving the way for South Sudan's independence.

Displacement and Refugees: Estimated 2 million people displaced, with hundreds of thousands fleeing to neighboring countries.
Casualties: Estimated 1-2 million deaths, with widespread reports of atrocities, including massacres, torture, and forced labor.
Humanitarian Crisis: The war led to a severe humanitarian crisis, with widespread poverty, hunger, and disease.

John Garang: Leader of the SPLA and a key figure in the Sudanese Civil War.
Omar al-Bashir: President of Sudan during the second civil war, accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity.
Riek Machar: Leader of the SPLA faction that split from Garang's leadership.