Substance Use Disorder Criteria Quiz

PSE8 - Stress, Mental Health, and Wellbeing

• Stress, mental health, and wellbeing are key topics in sport and exercise psychology.
• Diagnostics for stress, mental health, and wellbeing are used in sport and exercise psychology.
• Coaching and counseling skills for stress management and improving mental health and wellbeing are essential.

Prevalence of Mental Illness in Athletes

• One in three athletes is affected by mental illness.
• Rates of anxiety and depression are higher in athletes compared to the general population.
• Specific disorders, such as anxiety, depression, and bipolar disorder, occur at higher rates in athletes than in the general population.
• Substance abuse, including alcohol, is more prevalent among athletes.
• Suicide is a risk factor, with rates of suicide being significantly higher in athletes compared to the general population

What is Stress?

• Stress is a multifaceted physical and psychological response to a stressor.
• A stressor is an external force that acts on the body's biological system.
• Distress is a psychological reaction to stressors.
• Distress can involve emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses.
• Stress disrupts physiological balance and may require physiological and behavioral adaptations to restore it.

Official Definition of Mental Health

• Mental health is a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with normal stresses of life, and can work productively and fruitfully.
• The individual is able to make a contribution to his/her community and is able to adapt and respond when encountering challenges.
• Physical and mental health are intertwined.

Mental Health Spectrum

• A range of psychological states exists, from mental disorder to flourishing.
• A significant number of (particularly young) people are in a state of languishing.

Health as a Continuum

• Psychological well-being exists along a continuum.
• Health includes a range of psychological wellness/distress and effective/reduced functioning.
•  Various states of health exist, from active illness to peak performance.

Classification Systems of Diseases and Mental Disorders

•  The ICD-10—WHO's International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems—categorizes diagnoses of mental and physical disorders.
•  The DSM-5—APA's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders—categorizes mental health diagnoses.

What is Wellbeing?

• Psychological wellbeing is the state of one's life going well.
• Wellbeing is a combination of feeling good and effective functioning.
• It is not simply about positive emotions, but also includes engagement with one's potential and fulfilling one's purpose and relationship with others.

Drivers of Wellbeing

• Personality is a strong predictor of usual emotional style.
• Extraversion tends to be a positive predictor, while neuroticism negatively predicts wellbeing.
• Gender can impact wellbeing and mental ill-being.
• Age and social-economic well-being may be correlated, though a one-item assessment may not be accurate, and causality is still unclear.
• Socioeconomic factors, such as income and educational qualifications, may influence mental wellbeing. However, income inequality generally correlates negatively with wellbeing, while higher education level is generally associated with protective functions. Unemployment has been correlated with presence of psychological problems.

Theories and Models of Stress and Coping

• Stress theories and models are important for analyzing stress and coping responses.
• The stimulus-oriented approach to stress focuses on external events that cause stress. Examples include life-event theory using the SRRS rating scale to measure the intensity and duration.
• The reaction-oriented approach, including the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), emphasizes the body's nonspecific response to stressors.

Stress and Injury Model

• Physical and psychological factors contribute to sport injuries, often related to stress.
• The model shows how personality factors, stressors, and coping resources influence cognitive appraisal reactions and physiological changes; thus, impacting the risk of injury.

Theories and Models on How Physical Activity Affects Stress

• Regular physical activity influences the stress response system, reducing physiological stress responses.
• This may increase psychosocial resources and reduce the general stress response.

Physical Activity/Exercise and Affect

• Physical activity and exercise are often correlated with positive moods and affect.
• Aerobic exercise improves mood and reduces negative emotions like fatigue, confusion, anger, and tension.
• Experimental evidence supports the benefits of moderate exercise on psychological well-being.

Physical Activity/Exercise and Depression

• There is an inverse association between physical activity and depression.
• Accumulating 2.5 hours of brisk walking a week can significantly reduce the risk of depression.
• Higher levels of physical activity show only minor additional benefits.
• Exercise may decrease depression by regulating the monoamine system and the HPA axis.

Physical Activity/Exercise and Anxiety

• Exercise can reduce stress-related anxiety by increasing neurotransmitters within the central nervous system.

Psychological Antecedents of Sport Injury

• Physical factors largely cause sport injuries, but psychological factors may play a role.
• Perception of a threatening event and resulting anxiety can increase muscle tension and increase the risk of injury.
• The stress and injury model emphasizes the role of personality, stress history, and coping resources impacting the cognitive appraisal of stressful situations during sport.

Psychological Responses to Sport Injury

• Common responses to sport injuries include disbelief, denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.
• The 5-stage model is often criticized because many people do not follow this progression.
• Injured athletes often demonstrate symptoms of depression or exhibit emotional upheaval.

Psychological Antecedents of Sport Injury and Depression

• Research suggests that stress and anxiety are crucial factors in predicting injury risk, frequency, and severity in different sports.
• Studies show a correlation between psychological states and injury incidence.

Integrated Model of Psychological Response to Sport Injury and Rehabilitation

• Personality, stress history, coping resources, and interventions all influence athletes' stress responses, which affect injury likelihood
• The same factors influencing injury risk affect the psychological response to injury

Role of Sport Psychology in Sport Injury Process

• The phases of injury, rehabilitation, and return to full activity offer specific opportunities for support
• Sport psychology can play a crucial role in supporting successful injury recovery and rehabilitation.

Substance Use Disorder

• Substance use disorders (SUD) are conditions leading to clinically significant impairment.
• Numerous criteria may be observed, in which social and interpersonal difficulties are a significant feature.
• Individuals with reward seeking behavior and difficulty coping may develop SUD

Psychological Antecedents of Sport Injury—Empirical Evidence

• Athletes with low coping skills and social support may be at increased risk of injuries after significant life changes.
• Athletes with low self-esteem and pessimism, as well as persons with high levels of trait anxiety, are more likely to experience more athletic injuries.
• Stress and anxiety are prominent psychological factors affecting sport injuries.

GSU Studies I and II—Practical Implications

• Early detection of higher injury risk in participants of sport activities is critical
• Strategies for improving body awareness, concentration, and confidence may help prevent injuries.

Sport- and Movement Therapy in Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Disorders

• Movement and sports therapy focus on the interconnectedness between mind and body.
• Clinical movement therapy differs from sport/exercise/lifestyle activities.
• Sport provides a therapeutic setting that can aid in addressing various psychological issues, such as anxiety or depression.

Depression: Goals in Movement Therapy

• Activating awareness, mindfulness, and body awareness
• Providing physical training and coping mechanisms
• Addressing issues such as fear of failure and aggression with a therapeutic approach
• Improving communication and interaction between individuals.

Themes and Goals for Movement Therapy

• Identifying themes and possible goals associated with movement and sport activities
• Giving up responsibility and accepting the consequences of one's decisions
• Learning to maintain physical activity while being aware of personal limits
• Learning to assert oneself and manage aggression
• Regulating tension, as well as expressing and processing emotions.

Topics and Psychiatric Disorders

• Various categories of topics pertaining to sports and psychiatric disorders are discussed.
• These psychological considerations include issues with body image, anxiety, and depression.
• Coping mechanisms and responses are evaluated as factors impacting the development of and response to these disorders.

Psycho-Social Topics

• Resource activation, problem actualization, and showing problematic behavior in action are essential elements.
• Therapists help patients understand and accept these experiences in order to further aid their problem-solving skills.
• Psychoeducation, skill training, and collecting experiences are all utilized.

Topic and Goal Movement Analysis

•  This is an area of potential analysis for assessing the relevant needs and goals of patients currently struggling with psychological disorders.

Clinical Treatment of Eating Disorders: Central Issues of Movement Therapy

• Tension regulation, and body-image issues are prominent in disorders such as eating disorders

Body Image Therapy

• Body image therapy is an important component of treatment aimed at reducing negative body image and/or disordered eating, a frequent component of sport psychology considerations

Prevention of Eating Disorders in Athletes

• Addressing societal expectations of body appearance and avoiding extreme dieting.
• Increasing coaches' knowledge about risk factors, signs, and symptom management
• De-emphasizing "dieting to win"

Body Image in Athletes

• Appearance-related issues are discussed as significant for athletes.
• Society's emphasis on body ideals may cause detrimental pressure on athletes seeking validation and acceptance.
• Psychological factors contribute to body dissatisfaction and even disordered behavior.

Body Image (in Athletes)

• An ideal body is highly influenced by socio-cultural, media, and perhaps parental values
• Self-objectification may impact an individual's perception of their overall body value and worth, contributing to disordered eating or other body image concerns.

Excusion: Body Functionality (2015, 2021)

• Body functionality is more than just appearance. It encompasses the body's activities, abilities, and experiences.

Reduce (Self-)Objectification

• Self-objectification can be reduced by focusing on subjective bodily experiences.

Tripartite Model of Influence (Factors influencing ideal body)

• Parents, media, and peers have a strong influence on body image.

Further Problems

• Athletes' body image is impacted by self-marketing, social media, and media pressure regarding their appearance or performance.
• These forces may reinforce negative body images.

What is Positive Body Image?

• Positive body image is a separate and valuable concept, often overlooked but not reducible to appearance.

Why is Positive Body Image Important?

• Positive body image functions as a protective factor against eating disorders and mental and physical health challenges.

Positive Body Image

• Positive body image is a distinct concept, different from negative body image.
• It involves an appreciation of body features, functionality, and health, as well as adaptive responses to cultural expectations and media portrayals.

Body Appreciation

• Body appreciation values the body's capabilities beyond appearance in an inclusive manner

Body Acceptance and Love

• Body acceptance and love involve expressing affection and comfort with one's body, irrespective of its appearance.

Broadly Conceptualizing Beauty

• Broadly conceptualizing beauty encompasses a wide range of appearances; it moves beyond the typical expectations of society and appreciates the individual's own personal definition and features

Adaptive Appearance Investment

• Embracing regular self-care practices related to appearance
• Recognizing and valuing one's natural features and personality

Filtering Information in a Body-Protective Manner

• Filtering out negative messages about one's appearance or body

Self-Perceived Acceptance by Others

• Individuals with positive body image perceive acceptance of their body by others; this is essential but alone does not constitute a positive body image.

Holistic

• Understanding body image requires recognizing the interconnectedness of internal experiences, external factors, and physical characteristics.

Protective Body Image

• Positive body image is associated with overall well-being, including psychological and physical well being.

Positive Body Image (Stable & Malleable)

• Positive body image is stable, yet modifiable by incorporating personal values and experiences.

Positive Body Image (Factors)

• Body image can be influenced by a person's multi-faceted social identity and spirituality.

Review 2019 (Guest et al.)

• The effective promotion of positive body image can be achieved by interventions like online therapy, intuitive eating, CBT, and exercise.

Alleva et al. 2015 ("Expand Your Horizon")

• A writing intervention can help foster a positive body image.

When We Think About Our Body...

• Encouraging a shift in focus from body appearance to body functionality

Excursion: Body Functionality (Alleva/Tylka)

• Body functionality encompasses all functions and capabilities of the body rather than only appearance.

Reduce (Self-)Objectification

• Reducing self-objectification involves focusing on subjective body experiences rather than solely on external appearance

Additional Note:

• In general, the summaries are based on the presented material. Specific details, page numbers, and figures are referenced when applicable.