Substance Use and Abuse

The percentage of people in a population who smoke.

The pattern of smoking behavior over time, including initiation, progression, and cessation.

Starting to smoke at a young age, often during adolescence.

Students who plan to complete 4 years of college have lower rates of smoking compared to those with lesser or no college plans.

Smoking rates are significantly higher among men compared to women.

Smoking rates vary greatly across countries, with higher rates in developing countries compared to industrialized countries.

Individuals who have quit smoking after previously being smokers.

The possibility of persuading people to avoid or quit smoking based on the decrease in smoking rates over time.

Stimuli, like the sight or smell of a substance, that can trigger cravings or attention towards drug use.

Learning where a neutral stimulus (like the smell of smoke) is paired with a naturally occurring response (drug effect) and becomes associated with that response.

Beliefs about the effects of a substance, which can be positive (e.g., feeling good) or negative (e.g., hangover).

The ability to control your thoughts, emotions, and actions towards achieving a goal, even without external monitoring.

Acting without thinking, characterized by urgency and lack of planning.

A tendency to engage in activities with potential for danger or harm for the sake of excitement or challenge.

A personality trait that describes a drive to experience new and intense sensations.

Studies comparing identical and fraternal twins to assess the genetic and environmental influence on traits like alcoholism.

Factors within a person's social environment that influence whether they continue smoking after initial tries.

The feeling of being pressured or encouraged by friends or peers to smoke.

Beliefs and feelings that make smoking seem desirable, enjoyable, or beneficial.

Underestimating or dismissing the potential health risks associated with smoking.

Confidence that one can successfully quit smoking if they choose to.

Having at least one parent who smokes.

Being influenced by tobacco advertising, such as having a favorite ad or brand.

Various psychosocial influences, including peer pressure, positive attitudes, perceived health risks, ability to quit belief, and parental smoking, contribute to whether someone continues smoking.

This model suggests that smokers adjust their smoking habits to maintain a desired nicotine level in their bodies. They smoke more of low-nicotine cigarettes to reach their desired nicotine level, and less of high-nicotine cigarettes.

This refers to the phenomenon where individuals need to smoke more cigarettes over time to achieve the same level of nicotine intake. This happens because the body becomes less sensitive to the effects of nicotine.

These cigarettes contain very low levels of nicotine. Interestingly, smokers of these cigarettes do not consume less nicotine overall, they simply smoke more cigarettes to compensate.

This is the strong urge to smoke, even after quitting. It can persist long after nicotine is gone from the body, indicating a complex interplay of psychological and physiological factors.

These are physical and psychological symptoms that occur when a smoker stops smoking. They include irritability, anxiety, difficulty concentrating, and cravings.

These are people who smoke a few cigarettes daily for years without increasing their use. They don't show tolerance and experience little to no withdrawal symptoms, even though they absorb a comparable amount of nicotine as heavier smokers.

These include factors like reinforcement, conditioned cues, and withdrawal symptoms, and play a role in understanding why people continue to smoke, even those without tolerance.

Heavy smoking significantly increases the risk of developing lung cancer and heart disease. This risk increases the longer a person smokes and the more cigarettes they smoke per day.

Puritans saw alcohol as a gift from God, but recognized excessive consumption as harmful.

A social movement promoting abstinence from alcohol, gaining popularity in the 18th century.

In the 19th century, Americans believed alcohol led to moral decay, crime, and degenerate behavior.

A period in the United States (1920-1933) when the production, sale, and transport of alcohol were illegal.

Heavy smokers tend to have higher cholesterol levels and larger plaques on their artery walls.

Quitting smoking leads to significant improvements in cardiovascular health within a few months.

A group of lung diseases, including emphysema and chronic bronchitis, caused by smoking, characterized by reduced airflow.

People with CLRD experience difficulty exhaling due to permanently reduced airflow in their lungs.

Drinking habits change throughout a person's life, with peaks and dips in different age groups.

Males typically drink more heavily than females, especially in adulthood.

Cultural attitudes, norms, and traditions significantly impact how people consume alcohol.

The amount of alcohol consumed per person varies greatly across countries.

The type of alcohol found in beer, wine, and spirits.

The average amount of alcohol consumed per person in a country.

Countries were historically categorized based on their alcohol consumption patterns.

People may switch their preferred drinks (e.g., beer to wine) in different social settings.