Substance-Related Disorders Overview
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What is a substance as defined in the text?

Any natural or synthetic product that has psychoactive effects – it changes perceptions, thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.

What are some examples of substances?

  • Alcohol
  • Marijuana
  • Cocaine
  • Heroin
  • All of the above (correct)

    • Which of the following is not a characteristic of substance abuse?

  • Physical symptoms from abstinence. (correct)
  • Physiological need for increasing amounts.
  • Excessive use.
  • Biochemical changes in the body.

    • Tolerance is a decrease in the effects of a drug after repeated use.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Withdrawal is a physical and psychological condition that occurs when someone stops taking a drug they are dependent on.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gambling disorder is a new addition to the DSM-5.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The DSM-5 replaced substance abuse and substance dependence with substance use disorder.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a change made to how substance use disorders are classified in the DSM-5?

    <p>The inclusion of all legal substances like alcohol and tobacco.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate annual cost of substance misuse in the United States?

    <p>$249 billion dollars for alcohol and $193 billion for illicit drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alcohol is implicated in what percentage of deaths from car accidents?

    <p>40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the brain pathway affected by alcohol?

    <p>mesocorticolimbic pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alcohol can have both short-term and long-term effects on the brain.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a long-term effect of alcohol use?

    <p>None of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a key factor that can contribute to alcohol use disorder?

    <p>Social media influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a cognitive behavioral therapy intervention to treat alcohol use disorder?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a treatment modality for alcohol use disorder?

    <p>Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Project MATCH found that matching clients to treatment based on specific characteristics significantly improved outcomes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Motivational interviewing is a therapy technique that involves helping clients explore their own motivations for change.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not one of the five principles of motivational interviewing?

    <p>Provide advice and solutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Transtheoretical Model of Change, what is the stage in which a person recognizes a problem but has not yet made a commitment to change?

    <p>Contemplation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a key component of relapse prevention?

    <p>Medication management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an antagonist drug used to treat opioid addiction?

    <p>Both B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Methadone maintenance therapy is a lifelong treatment for opioid dependence.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of cognitive behavioral therapies (CBT) for sexual dysfunction?

    <p>Both B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sensate focus is a technique in sexual therapy that focuses on pleasure and intimacy without the pressure of achieving sexual performance.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gender dysphoria is a newly recognized diagnosis in the DSM-5, replacing the previous term, Gender Identity Disorder.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There is a consensus among researchers about the long-term effects of gender-affirming care for transgender youth.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sexual abuse is a serious problem with well-documented prevalence and consequences.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pedophilic disorder is characterized by a sexual attraction to prepubescent children, and the majority of victims are female.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sexual dysfunction disorders are always caused by psychological factors, such as anxiety or relationship difficulties.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a common biological factor that can contribute to sexual dysfunction?

    <p>Lack of physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a recognized psychological cause of sexual dysfunction?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Treatment for sexual dysfunction primarily involves biological interventions such as medication.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kinsey's research in the 1950s found that sexual behaviors previously considered unusual were surprisingly common.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the theory that states that masturbation and prostitution can lead to degeneration?

    <p>Degeneracy Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Sambia people of Papua New Guinea practice ritualized homosexuality as a means of semen conservation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Homosexuality was removed from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) in 1974.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a characteristic of paraphilic disorders?

    <p>These behaviors are always illegal and punishable by law.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Paraphilias are more prevalent in women than in men.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a type of paraphilia listed in the text?

    <p>Kleptomania Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Exhibitionistic Disorder involves the act of exposing one's genitals to unsuspecting others.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frotteuristic Disorder involves rubbing one's genitals against a consenting individual.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sexual Sadism Disorder is characterized by experiencing sexual pleasure from being made to experience pain and humiliation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sexual Masochism Disorder is characterized by experiencing sexual pleasure from inflicting pain and humiliation on another person.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There is a clear and definitive understanding of the causes of paraphilic disorders.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a recognized cause of sexual dysfunction?

    <p>Genetic predisposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The text mentions a newly available medication for women to treat low sexual desire, called Addyi.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Substance-related disorders encompass a range of issues involving the use of various substances.
    • Substances are defined as natural or synthetic products that have psychoactive effects, altering thoughts, emotions, perceptions, and behaviors.
    • Examples of substances include alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and heroin.

    Defining Substance Abuse and Dependence

    • Substance abuse involves excessive use of a substance.
    • Substance dependence signifies a physiological need for increasing amounts of a substance.

    Tolerance and Withdrawal

    • Tolerance refers to the body's biochemical changes in response to repeated substance use, requiring larger doses to achieve the same effect.
    • Withdrawal involves physical symptoms experienced upon cessation of substance use.

    Dependence

    • Dependence demonstrates a progressive need for increasing doses of a substance to experience the same effects.
    • A decrease in the intensity of the drug effect with repeated exposure is a characteristic of substance dependence.
    • Withdrawal symptoms indicate discomfort and distress associated with stopping substance use.

    Changes in DSM-5

    • The DSM-5 incorporates gambling disorder.
    • Substance use disorder replaced previous categories of substance abuse and dependence.
    • The DSM-5 emphasizes cravings and strong desires to use specific substances instead of legal issues.
    • It also distinguishes more clearly between various substance use disorders.

    Drug Use Among Americans

    • Data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health (2020) reveals varying rates of lifetime, yearly, and monthly drug use among different substances.
    • Marijuana exhibits a high prevalence.

    Alcohol Use Disorder

    • Alcohol use disorder involves problematic use, with two or more symptoms present over a 12-month period.
    • These may include drinking more or longer than intended, persistent attempts to reduce or stop use, or time spent on alcohol-related activities.
    • Other possible symptoms are craving; using despite detrimental effects to relationships, work, or finances; or other activities being given up.
    • Use in physically hazardous conditions, or use despite worsened condition by use can also be diagnostic indicators.
    • Tolerance and withdrawal are observed in alcohol use disorder.
    • The lifetime prevalence of alcohol-related disorders in the U.S. is approximately 13%, with 5% experiencing dependence.
    • Alcohol-related problems are more prevalent in men than women, and many alcohol abusers suffer from coexisting mental disorders.

    Surgeon General's Report

    • The annual cost of substance misuse (including alcohol and illicit drugs) is estimated at $249 billion.
    • The costs associated with substance misuse encompass healthcare expenses, lost productivity, and criminal justice system expenses.

    Associated Problems

    • Alcohol use is significantly tied to several issues, including a high percentage of homicide, assault, and sexual assault reports.
    • Alcohol consumption is a contributing factor in roughly 40% of car accident fatalities.

    Effects of Alcohol on the Brain

    • Lower levels of alcohol can trigger sensations associated with pleasure centers, while higher levels depress brain function.
    • The mesocorticolimbic pathway is impacted, affecting multiple regions of the brain, such as the cerebral cortex (inhibitory function), limbic system (emotions/memory), cerebellum (coordination), and hypothalamus (sexual desires).

    Long-Term Effects of Alcohol

    • Fetal alcohol syndrome results in intellectual impairment and facial deformities.
    • Alcohol amnestic disorder (Korsakoff's syndrome) causes confusion and memory loss.
    • Delirium tremens (DTs) is an acute withdrawal symptom marked by hallucinations, lasting 3-6 days..

    Key Factors in Substance Disorders

    • Genetic predisposition significantly influences the development of substance abuse/use disorders.
    • Parental guidance plays a crucial role in shaping attitudes toward substance use.
    • Individual psychological factors, including personality characteristics, depression, and other mental disorders, impact vulnerability.
    • Stress tolerance could be a significant factor, particularly among veterans.

    Cognitive Behavioral Perspective

    • Operant conditioning emphasizes the reinforcement of drug use due to associated tension reduction.
    • Positive expectations surrounding the perceived effects of substances increase the risk of abuse.
    • Classical conditioning highlights the significance of cues in triggering substance-seeking behavior.
    • An opponent-process model describes how the body reacts to the substance and its withdrawal.

    Models of Treatment

    • The abstinence-based model, exemplified by Alcoholics Anonymous, focuses on total abstinence from substances.
    • Harm reduction models aim to minimize negative consequences associated with substance use.

    Other Substance Categories

    • Opium and opioid derivatives (heroin, morphine), cocaine, stimulants (amphetamines, meth), and hallucinogens (LSD, ecstasy, marijuana).

    Legalization of Marijuana

    • Legalization of marijuana for medical and recreational purposes has implications for societal outcomes and healthcare systems.
    • Increased prevalence in specific demographics, along with related risks, needs monitoring in the context of legalization.

    Conclusions

    • Substance use disorders are a significant and widespread social issue.
    • Effective treatment modalities exist, and treatment selection should strongly align with the particular needs of the individual.

    Sexual Variants, Abuse, & Dysfunctions

    • This topic encompasses a variety of sexual behaviors and related issues.
    • Kinsey's (1950s) reports challenged conventional societal views on what constituted "normal" sex.
    • Numerous societal factors exert influence on approaches to sexuality.

    Paraphilic Disorders

    • These include a wide array of sexual urges and fantasies, including non-human objects sufferings or humiliations, or concerning children or non-consenting adults.
    • Paraphilias often cause significant distress or impairment, or place individuals and others at risk.
    • Strong cultural influences shape these considerations.
    • Prevalence tends to be higher among men.

    Paraphilias

    • Fetishistic disorders often involve inanimate objects.
    • Transvestic disorder is characterized by the arousal associated with cross-dressing by males.
    • Other forms of sexual disorders include Voyeuristic and Exhibitionistic disorders and Frotteuristic, Sexual Sadism and Masochism disorders.

    Causes of Sexual Disorders

    • Risk factors for sexual disorders commonly involve biological elements (such as sex drive, conditioning sensitivities), and also psychosocial factors: depression, shame, performance anxieties, or difficult life situations.
    • Societal and cultural factors can exert strong influences.

    Gender Dysphoria

    • Previously known as gender identity disorder, this condition involves a significant incongruence between one's felt gender and assigned gender.
    • Duration must be at least six months to be diagnosed.
    • Separate criteria for children and adults are distinct.

    Sexual Abuse

    • Childhood sexual abuse is a grave concern, difficult to quantify accurately.
    • Debate surrounds childhood memories that might be associated with trauma.
    • Potential influences by rape motives include sexual and power motivations.

    Pedophilic Disorder

    • This condition involves recurrent and intense sexual urges or fantasies associated with prepubescent children.
    • Victims are disproportionately female, and offenders are predominately men.

    DSM Sexual Dysfunction Disorders

    • These disorders include issues with sexual desire, excitement, orgasm, and/or pain.
    • Specific conditions exist for males and females, which need to be taken into account.

    Biological Factors

    • Medical or biological factors (such as diabetes or cardiovascular conditions) that could affect sexual functioning.
    • Medications (such as prescription drugs and recreational drugs) can also have an influence.
    • Hormonal imbalances can also contribute to sexual problems.

    Psychological Factors

    • Mental health issues like depression, anxiety, or schizophrenia.
    • Experiences of shame or negative attitudes towards sexuality.
    • Performance anxiety, or any type of conflict with a partner, can negatively impact sexual functioning.

    Treatment Modalities (Biological)

    • Treatments might focus on addressing the underlying medical conditions.
    • Examples of oral medications can effectively adjust sexual functioning.

    Treatment Modalities (Psychological/Individual/Couples)

    • Psychotherapy might address negative attitudes or conflicts in the relationships.
    • Techniques such as sensate focus might allow for sexual contact without performance expectations..

    Project Match

    • The Project MATCH trials investigated whether matching clients to therapy modality based on specific characteristics would improve effectiveness rates.
    • The conclusions from those studies suggest that client matching is not effective at improving outcomes of the treatment options explored.

    Cue Exposure

    • Cue exposure therapy appears useful in mild to moderately impacting cases of alcohol use disorders.

    Motivational Interviewing

    • Evidence suggests that motivational interviewing may be effective in this respect.
    • However, there can be mixed results regarding its efficacy..

    Relapse Prevention

    • Relapse is a significant concern for individuals with substance use and mental health issues.
    • Understanding the 'abstinence violation effect' and developing coping skills could be influential.

    Conclusions (general)

    • Substance use disorders and sexual disorders can be treated effectively.
    • A range of approaches/techniques exist and can be applied effectively.

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    Description

    Explore the key concepts surrounding substance-related disorders, including definitions of abuse and dependence. Understand tolerance and withdrawal symptoms in relation to various substances. This quiz provides insights into the psychological and physiological impacts of substance use.

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