Subjects, Predicates, Pronouns, and Quantifiers

Subject and Predicate

• Sentences are composed of subjects and predicates.
• The subject is who or what the sentence is about; the predicate tells what the subject does or is.
• e.g. The train (subject) arrived late (predicate).
• e.g. The little puppy (subject) is playing in the garden (predicate).
• e.g. My best friend (subject) sings beautifully (predicate).

Indefinite and Reflexive Pronouns

• Indefinite Pronouns refer to nonspecific persons or things.
• Examples of indefinite pronouns: someone, anyone, nobody, everyone.
• Reflexive Pronouns refer back to the subject of the clause or sentence.
• Examples of reflexive pronouns: myself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves.
• Reflexive pronouns are used when the subject and the object of a verb are the same.
• e.g. "The dog scratched itself."

Quantifiers

• Quantifiers indicate quantity or amount of a noun.
• Examples of quantifiers: some, many, much, few, a few, a little, several, enough, all, no.
• "Many" is used with countable nouns (e.g., apples).
• "Much" is used with uncountable nouns (e.g., water).
• "Few" indicates a small quantity.

Countable and Uncountable Nouns

• Countable nouns can be counted and have a plural form (e.g., stars, toys).
• Uncountable nouns cannot be counted and typically do not have a plural form (e.g., butter, sand, sugar, milk, juice).
• For quantities of uncountable nouns, use "much"; for countable nouns, use "many."

Adjectives of Quality, Quantity, and Time

• Adjectives modify nouns and can describe quality, quantity, or time.
• Adjectives of quality describe the characteristics of a noun (e.g., "tall" in "The tall boy").
• Adjectives of quantity specify the amount of a noun (e.g., "five" in "She has five apples").
• Adjectives of time indicate when something happened or existed (e.g., "last" in "He left last week").

Adverbs of Place, Time, and Manner

• Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs and specify place, time, or manner.
• Adverbs of place indicate where something happens (e.g., "upstairs" in "The kids are playing upstairs").
• Adverbs of manner describe how something is done (e.g., "kindly" in "He spoke kindly").
• Adverbs of time specify when something occurs (e.g., "tomorrow" in "They will come tomorrow").

Present and Past Continuous Tense

• Present Continuous Tense indicates an action in progress now.
• It's formed using "is/am/are + present participle (-ing)" (e.g., "He is reading").
• Past Continuous Tense indicates an action in progress at a specific time in the past.
• It's formed using "was/were + present participle (-ing)" (e.g., "I was eating").

Antonyms

• Antonyms are words that have opposite meanings.
• Examples: hot/cold, fast/slow, clean/dirty, happy/sad, early/late, full/empty.

Alliteration

• Alliteration is the repetition of the same consonant sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words.
• Examples: "Betty bought butter but the butter was bitter."

Auxiliary Verbs

• Auxiliary verbs (or helping verbs) support the main verb in a sentence.
• Common auxiliary verbs: be, do, have.
• They help to express tense, voice, or mood.
• Examples: is, has, were, was, are, did, does, have, had.

Subject-Verb Agreement

• Verbs must agree with their subjects in number (singular or plural).
• If the subject is singular, the verb must be singular; if the subject is plural, the verb must be plural.
• e.g., "The dog is barking" (singular).
• e.g., "They are playing" (plural).