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Subfields of Anthropology Quiz
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Subfields of Anthropology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What are the different subfields of anthropology?

  • Cultural, Physical, Archaeological, Linguistic (correct)
  • Biological, Historical, Political, Social
  • Psychological, Economic, Political, Cultural
  • Geographic, Biological, Medical, Environmental

    • What are the contributions of paleoanthropology and archaeology to the field of anthropology?

  • Paleoanthropology helps to understand human evolution, while archaeology provides insights into past civilizations. (correct)
  • Paleoanthropology focuses solely on contemporary humans, while archaeology studies only artifacts.
  • Both fields exclusively study cultural practices and traditions.
  • Paleoanthropology and archaeology do not contribute to anthropology at all.

    • Why is primatology part of the study of the human species?

  • It helps understand the behavior and social structures of primates, which can inform human evolution. (correct)
  • It focuses solely on the anatomical differences between humans and primates.
  • It is unrelated to human studies and focuses only on non-human primates.
  • It studies the dietary habits of primates, which has no relevance to humans.

    • What is the principle of uniformitarianism and why is it significant to scholars studying human history?

    <p>It states that the same geological processes we observe today have always occurred over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did catastrophists explain the presence of the remains of marine organisms in the rocks on top of mountains many miles from and many feet above the ocean?

    <p>They believed that a series of catastrophic events, such as massive floods, brought the marine organisms to elevated areas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did catastrophists, such as Edmund Halley, explain the cause of Noah's Flood?

    <p>It was caused by a comet striking the Earth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three periods defined in the three-age system developed by Christian Jurgensen Thomsen?

    <p>Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is there evidence that catastrophic events, such as extraterrestrial bodies crashing into Earth, have greatly affected the history of our planet? What are some examples?

    <p>The extinction of the dinosaurs due to an asteroid impact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Darwin’s role in the voyage of the Beagle serve him in his later development of a theory of evolution?

    <p>It provided him with extensive observations of diverse species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the work of Charles Lyell and Thomas Malthus contribute to Darwin's theory of evolutionary change in the biological world?

    <p>Lyell's work provided evidence for the gradual change of Earth over time, supporting the idea of gradual evolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe Darwin's mechanism for evolutionary change: natural selection.

    <p>Natural selection is the process where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What climatic conditions characterized the Younger Dryas?

    <p>Glacial cooling and aridity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which 19th century scholar is known for the phrase 'survival of the fittest'?

    <p>Herbert Spencer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the archaeological study of the human past considered scientific?

    <p>It utilizes systematic methods like excavation and analysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are archaeological sites formed? In other words, how do they come into existence?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are archaeological sites preserved for thousands or even millions of years? Give one example from your reading.

    <p>Natural processes like burial and sedimentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do archaeologists find sites? What techniques do they use to detect evidence of past human occupation of an area?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of data constitute the archaeological record?

    <p>Artifacts and ecofacts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do archaeologists recover data from sites?

    <p>By excavating layers of soil and analyzing artifacts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is spatial context so important to the archaeologist? Briefly describe three different spatial contexts and associations for the same artifact, showing how different contexts reveal different behaviors.

    <p>Spatial context is crucial for understanding the relationship between artifacts and their environment, revealing behaviors and cultural practices. For example: 1) An artifact found in a domestic setting may indicate daily life activities. 2) One found in a burial context could suggest ritualistic practices. 3) An artifact discovered in a refuse pit might reflect discard practices and social norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can archaeologists determine where raw materials came from, how tools were made and used, and what these objects reveal about the social or religious practices of past cultures?

    <p>By analyzing tool residue, examining raw material sources, and studying artifact distribution patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do archaeologists analyze food remains and what insights do these remains provide us about the lives of past people?

    <p>Archaeologists analyze food remains through techniques such as microwear analysis, isotopic analysis, and residue analysis, which help them understand dietary habits, trade networks, and agricultural practices of past cultures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can blood residue recovered from the edges of stone blades tell us about ancient hunting practices?

    <p>The species of animals that were hunted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can carbon isotope analysis help in our reconstruction of an ancient environment and an ancient human diet?

    <p>By analyzing the types of plants consumed and their environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributions does pollen analysis make to archaeological analysis? Describe the process by which palynologists can reconstruct plant communities and the ancient environment.

    <p>Pollen analysis reveals information about ancient vegetation, climate, and human activity. Palynologists extract sediment samples, analyze the types and quantities of pollen grains, and compare them to reference collections to reconstruct past ecosystems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the analysis of ancient foraminifera shells inform us of worldwide temperature fluctuation and the extent of ancient glaciation?

    <p>By revealing oxygen isotope ratios that indicate past water temperatures and ice volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of information can archaeologists and paleoanthropologists derive from human and pre-human skeletal remains?

    <p>Dietary habits and nutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are 3-5 main methods that archaeologists use to determine the age of sites?

    <p>Radiocarbon dating, dendrochronology, thermoluminescence dating, stratigraphy, and obsidian hydration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How has the master sequence been derived in dendrochronology, and why is this important in the application of dendrochronology in archaeology?

    <p>By matching tree-ring patterns from overlapping samples; it helps in dating archaeological sites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the ethical challenges faced by archaeologists and paleoanthropologists?

    <p>Issues related to cultural heritage, repatriation of artifacts, and dealings with indigenous communities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some responsibilities of archaeologists and paleoanthropologists to the modern descendants of the people who left behind the cultural and biological remains those scientists recover and analyze?

    <p>They should ensure ethical engagement, provide information about findings, involve descendants in research processes, and respect cultural values and concerns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean to be an 'ethical' archaeologist? What are the responsibilities of an ethical archaeologist to contemporary people?

    <p>To respect the cultural heritage and rights of the communities connected to the sites being studied.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the study of the artistic urge in modern children reveal about the meaning of Upper Paleolithic art?

    <p>It suggests that the artistic expression in Upper Paleolithic art may be an inherent human trait and reflects cognitive and cultural development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the major characteristics that differentiate Upper Paleolithic and Late Stone Age cultures from Middle Paleolithic and Middle Stone Age cultures?

    <p>Use of advanced tools and artistic expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Provide examples from the archaeological record for the following Late Stone Age and Upper Paleolithic technologies or behaviors: 1. the reliance on new and improved stone tool technologies, 2. new hunting and weapons technologies, 3. a broadening of the subsistence quest, 4. branching out in raw materials, 5. new uses for plant materials, 6. the acquisition of raw materials from a great distance, 7. larger sites of population aggregation, 8. an abundance of non-utilitarian objects, 9. elaborate burials, and 10. symbolic expression through the production of art.

    <p>Examples include: 1. Blade technology, 2. Atlatl or spear thrower, 3. Diverse hunting tactics including fishing, 4. Use of materials like amber, 5. Evidence of plant grinding stones, 6. Trade networks shown by exotic materials, 7. Sites like Dolni Vestonice, 8. Venus figurines, 9. Burial mounds with grave goods, 10. Cave paintings in Lascaux.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence is there that the subsistence base of the Upper Paleolithic and Late Stone Age was broader than that of the Middle Paleolithic and Middle Stone Age?

    <p>Development of specialized hunting tools like the spear thrower</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What new raw materials were primarily used by Upper Paleolithic and Late Stone Age peoples compared to Middle Paleolithic and Middle Stone Age peoples?

    <p>Bone and antler tools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes Upper Paleolithic art? Where has it been found, what media were used, and how old is it?

    <p>Found in caves, painted with animal fat, approximately 40,000 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Vogelherd Lion-man and other Upper Paleolithic artifacts depicting half-human, half-animal creatures?

    <p>They represent early forms of religious beliefs or spiritual practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant artifacts have been found at the Hohle Fels Cave, and how do these reflect the development of the modern mind?

    <p>Venus figurines and musical instruments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way to test the hypothesis that some Upper Paleolithic cave paintings resulted from trance-induced hallucinations?

    <p>Conduct experiments with modern participants recreating the conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Some have labeled the so-called Venus figurines 'fertility symbols.' Defend or refute this assertion.

    <p>The assertion that Venus figurines are fertility symbols can be defended by pointing to their exaggerated reproductive features, which suggest a focus on fertility and reproduction. However, it can also be refuted by arguing that their purpose may have been more complex, serving as representations of beauty, health, or status rather than solely fertility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can we explain the wanton destruction of art and architecture seen in both the modern and the ancient world?

    <p>Political conflict, cultural changes, and ideological disputes often lead to the destruction of art and architecture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the oldest evidence for the occupation of Sahul?

    <p>Artifacts found in Lake Mungo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence is there that Australia was occupied by human beings 60,000 years ago?

    <p>Ancient cave paintings found in various locations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the preponderance of evidence indicate about the age of the Lake Mungo III skeleton?

    <p>It is approximately 40,000 years old.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After Europeans discovered that the lands Columbus had encountered represented a 'New World', how did they explain the presence of Native Americans?

    <p>They were descendants of the lost tribes of Israel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Beringia, when was it exposed, how big was it, and would it have been a hospitable place?

    <p>Beringia was a land bridge that connected Asia and North America, exposed during the last Ice Age approximately 20,000 to 30,000 years ago, and it covered around 1,000 miles (1,600 km); it was likely harsh and cold, thus not very hospitable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence is there for an early movement of people into the New World through the interior of Beringia?

    <p>Stone tools found in Beringia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Paisley Five Mile Point Cave site in terms of food and location?

    <p>It provides evidence of early human diet and habitation in a coastal area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was 'the Clovis advantage'?

    <p>The Clovis advantage refers to the superior hunting techniques and tools used by the Clovis culture, which allowed them to hunt large megafauna effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Kennewick Man?

    <p>He is one of the oldest skeletal remains discovered in North America.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the analysis of the DNA of Sunrise child-girl and Dawn twilight child-girl tell us about the peopling of the Americas?

    <p>It provides evidence of multiple migrations across the Bering Strait.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Did overhunting by Paleoindians cause the extinction of large game animals in North America at the end of the Pleistocene?

    <p>No, there were other factors involved.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is there a connection between the Solutrean and Clovis stone tool traditions?

    <p>There is some evidence to suggest a possible connection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Support or refute the following statement: The Holocene marks the end of glaciation.

    <p>Support because the Holocene epoch, which began approximately 11,700 years ago, marks the end of the last major glacial period and the transition to a warmer climate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When and where in the world did the shift to food production occur?

    <p>10,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What subsistence and cultural changes occurred during the Early Holocene?

    <p>Shift towards agriculture and settled communities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the people of North America respond to the massive extinction of big game animals upon which they had depended for their subsistence?

    <p>They adapted their subsistence strategies to include smaller game and foraging.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the post-Pleistocene cultures of South America, focusing on the significance of camelid exploitation and coastal resources.

    <p>Post-Pleistocene cultures in South America, such as the Andean cultures, significantly relied on camelid exploitation (like llamas and alpacas) for transportation, food, and textiles. Coastal resources were equally significant, providing seafood and trade opportunities, thus supporting diverse subsistence strategies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does archaeologist David Phillipson characterize the post-Pleistocene of Africa in terms of cultural development?

    <p>David Phillipson emphasizes the importance of cultural developments during the post-Pleistocene in Africa, highlighting their role in the survival of communities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Mesolithic has been called a 'prelude.' What does this mean?

    <p>It is a transitional phase between the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What commonalities can be seen in the archaeological record of culture change worldwide related to climate changes at the end of the Pleistocene?

    <p>Establishment of permanent settlements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    On what basis do researchers distinguish domesticated from wild plants of the same species?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does artificial selection differ from natural selection?

    <p>Artificial selection is driven by human preferences, while natural selection is driven by environmental pressures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the Natufian. What makes the Natufian different from the other Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene groups in the Near East?

    <p>The Natufian culture is known for its semi-sedentary lifestyle, use of wild cereal grains, and elaborate burial practices. Unlike other groups of the same period, they also built structures and started to show early signs of agriculture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the archaeological evidence for the earliest food-producing societies of the Middle East?

    <p>Settlement sites with evidence of domestic animal remains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What crops that currently help feed the world’s people were domesticated by the native people of the New World?

    <p>Maize (Corn) and Potatoes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were some of the important crops in Africa's food-producing revolution?

    <p>Millet and Sorghum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the archaeological and genetic evidence for the breeding and us of macaws in North America.

    Signup and view all the answers

    What are some of the earliest crops that contributed to subsistence in the highlands of South America?

    <p>Potatoes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What animals were domesticated in the New World (North, Central and South America)?

    <p>Llamas, Alpacas, Turkeys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the process by which maize was domesticated?

    <p>Selective breeding of wild teosinte plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of using the ancient megalithic monument of Stonehenge?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where did the people who were buried at Stonehenge come from and how do we know?

    <p>Long-distance migrants identified by tooth enamel analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by the term 'complex society'?

    <p>A complex society refers to a social structure characterized by a high degree of specialization, social stratification, and centralized governance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Göbekli Tepe imply about the development of complexity in human societies?

    <p>It suggests that complex social organization existed before the advent of agriculture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do sites like Poverty Point imply about the development of complexity in ancient societies?

    <p>They show that complexity emerged in hunter-gatherer societies with social organization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Considering the fact that most people work harder and relinquish at least some control over their own lives in complex societies, why might such societies have developed at all?

    <p>To enhance cooperation, resource management, and cultural evolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sorts of practical concerns or challenges faced by ancient people may have led to the development of complex societies? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Food production and scarcity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why and how would complex societies devote so much of their energies to the production of great monuments with no practical purpose?

    <p>To impress other societies and demonstrate wealth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Çatalhöyük?

    <p>It is one of the oldest known urban settlements in the world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the roots of complexity in Mesopotamia?

    <p>Agricultural innovation and surplus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the monumental projects of the Olmec imply about their economic and political structure?

    <p>They had a strong political hierarchy that could mobilize labor and resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the environment of the Norte Chico region of Peru. Is this the area that South America's earliest complex societies would have been expected? Why or why not?

    <p>The Norte Chico region features a coastal environment with arid conditions, river valleys, and access to marine resources. It is considered one of the areas where South America's earliest complex societies developed due to its agricultural potential and resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what ways is the site of Caral important in addressing questions about the evolution of complex societies in the New World?

    <p>Caral is important because it is one of the oldest known urban centers in the Americas, demonstrating early forms of social organization, architecture, and agriculture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the monumental center of Chavín de Huantar and its characteristics. What does this project imply about Chavín's religious or political structure?

    <p>Chavín de Huantar is characterized by its complex architectural structures, large stone carvings, and advanced drainage systems. It implies a centralized religious authority and possibly a theocratic political structure due to its significance as a pilgrimage site and its influence over surrounding regions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Was economic, social, and political complexity an inevitable result of the food-producing revolution? Explain.

    <p>Yes, it led to the development of surplus, population growth, and the need for organized governance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it more likely for food producers rather than hunter/gatherers to develop economic, social, and political complexity?

    <p>Food producers can support larger populations and create surpluses, leading to specialization and social stratification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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