Subatomic Particles Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the charge of protons?

  • Neutrally charged
  • Negatively charged
  • Varies depending on the atom
  • Positively charged (correct)

Where are neutrons located within an atom?

  • In the nucleus (correct)
  • In the electron cloud
  • Orbiting around the nucleus
  • In the outer shell

How does the atomic number relate to the number of protons in an atom?

  • It varies independently of protons
  • It is half the number of protons
  • It is the same as the number of protons (correct)
  • It is twice the number of protons

Which of the following statements about isotopes is correct?

<p>Isotopes have the same number of protons and different numbers of neutrons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who discovered the electron?

<p>J.J. Thomson (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about the mass number of an atom?

<p>It is the sum of protons and neutrons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be concluded about the size of the nucleus in comparison to the overall atom?

<p>The nucleus is significantly smaller than the atom (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What keeps electrons in orbit around the nucleus?

<p>Electromagnetic attraction between protons and electrons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the atomic number of an element represent?

<p>The number of protons in the nucleus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about neutrons is true?

<p>Neutrons contribute significantly to the mass of an atom (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the mass number of an element calculated?

<p>By adding the number of protons to the number of neutrons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines an isotope of an element?

<p>Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which particle has no charge?

<p>Neutron (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately represents the relationship between protons and electrons in a neutral atom?

<p>The number of protons equals the number of electrons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of mass spectroscopy in isotopes?

<p>It reveals the presence of multiple types of atoms in an element (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements has an atomic number of 11 and 13 neutrons?

<p>Sodium-24 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Subatomic Particles Overview

  • Subatomic particles are smaller than atoms, comprising protons, neutrons, and electrons.
  • Atoms serve as the fundamental units of matter retaining element properties.

Protons

  • Discovered by Ernest Rutherford in 1919 through alpha particle deflection experiments.
  • Protons carry a positive charge and reside in the atom's nucleus.
  • The atomic number equals the number of protons and determines an element’s identity.

Neutrons

  • Discovered by James Chadwick in 1932, neutrons are neutral particles located in the nucleus with protons.
  • Together, protons and neutrons account for nearly all atomic mass.
  • Mass number equals the total number of protons and neutrons.

Electrons

  • Electrons, negatively charged particles, orbit the nucleus at high speeds.
  • Discovered by J.J. Thomson in 1897, they have a mass significantly smaller than protons and neutrons.
  • The number of electrons is equal to the number of protons in a neutral atom.

Atomic Structure

  • Nucleus: Comprises protons and neutrons; represents a small volume of the atom.
  • Electrons occupy the space surrounding the nucleus, creating most of an atom's volume.
  • Conceptual analogy: If an atom is a stadium, the nucleus is the size of a grain of sand.

Atomic Number and Mass Number

  • Atomic number: Number of protons in the nucleus; equals the number of electrons in a neutral atom.
  • Mass number: Sum of protons and neutrons; provides an estimate of atomic mass.

Isotopes

  • Isotopes have the same atomic number (protons) but different mass numbers (neutrons).
  • The existence of isotopes was confirmed through mass spectroscopy, identifying varied atom types per element.

Everyday Uses of Isotopes

  • Cobalt-60: Used in cancer treatment.
  • Iodine-131: Utilized for thyroid cancer therapy.
  • Carbon-11: Employed in PET scans for medical imaging.
  • Technetium-99: Commonly used in medical diagnostics.

Calculation Examples

  • For 7 protons and 8 neutrons: Atomic symbol is represented as (^{15}_{7}\text{N}).
  • For 11 protons and 13 neutrons: Atomic symbol can be expressed as (^{24}_{11}\text{Na}).
  • For an atomic number of 14 with 15 neutrons: Atomic symbol is (^{29}_{14}\text{Si}).
  • For 9 protons and mass number of 10: Atomic symbol is written as (^{10}_{9}\text{F}).

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