Stylistic devices in literature

Stylistics Basics

• Stylistics is a branch of general linguistics.
• The first task of stylistics is to study linguistic peculiarities of functional styles.
• The second task is to study stylistic differentiation of vocabulary.
• The next task is to study the inventory of expressive means and stylistic devices.

Stylistic Categories and Functional Styles

• The main stylistic categories are emotiveness, expressiveness, and imagery.
• There are five functional styles in English.
• An essay is a substyle of publicistic style.
• Imagery, expressiveness, and emotiveness characterize the belles-lettres functional style.

Figures of Speech

• Metaphor is based on the similarity of two objects.
• Metonymy relies on associations between two things.
• Hyperbole is based on exaggeration.

Stylistic Devices

• Oxymoron is a stylistic device that combines two contrastive words.
• Irony is based on the opposition of dictionary and contextual meanings.
• Zeugma is based on the interplay of free and phraseological meanings within syntactical constructions.
• Simile reveals the identity of two objects belonging to different classes.
• Litotes is a stylistic device that forms a negative construction for a positive meaning.
• Gradation produces an effect of growing emotional tension.
• Antithesis reveals the opposition of two ideas.
• Periphrasis uses a longer descriptive phrase instead of directly naming an object.
• Inversion is based on the violation of traditional word order.
• A rhetorical question is an emphatic statement given in the form of a question.
• Alliteration is based on the repetition of sounds.
• Onomatopoeia is based on the imitation of natural sounds.
• Metaphor is characteristic of the function of creating images.
• Epithet shows an individual perception of an object or an emotional attitude toward it.
• Antithesis reveals contradictory features.
• Pun creates a humorous effect.
• Repetition creates a rhythmical effect.
• Inversion deals with the rearrangement of the normative word order.
• Periphrasis uses a roundabout form of expression instead of a simpler one.
• Represented speech combines peculiarities of colloquial and literary speech.

Examples Using Stylistic Devices

• A simile reveals the identity of two objects belonging to different classes.
• Litotes are formed using a negative construction for a positive meaning.
• Gradation produces an effect of growing emotional tension.
• Antithesis reveals the opposition of two ideas.
• Periphrasis uses a longer descriptive phrase instead of direct naming of objects.
• Inversion is based on violating traditional word order.

Textual Features

• Textual modality is expressed by stylistic devices and lexical means.
• The text category of cohesion is identified with consecutiveness (continuum) of related events, facts, and actions.
• The composition of a literary work involves a plot structure.
• The initial collision represents an event that starts actions and causes subsequent development of events.
• The development of the plot shows actions in their development.
• The culmination is the highest point of action.
• Denouement brings the action to an end.

Metaphor and Metonymy Associations

• The metaphor, "The trees crowded in the park were whispering with a gentle wind," is an example of personification.
• In the metonymy, "He supported the family by a pett," there is an association between a symbol and the thing symbolized.
• Metonymy association in "Never in her life wore she any gold" exists between material and the thing.

Epithets

• "Black thought" is a combination with an epithet.
• "Green years" is a combination with an epithet.
• "He welcomed a customer with a be-with-you-in-a-minute nod" contains a phrasal epithet.
• "Golden heart" is a combination with an epithet.
• "She was a nice, pretty doll of a girl" contains a phrasal epithet.

Similes

• "As black as coal" is a traditional simile.
• "As red as rose" is a traditional simile.
• "As clear as crystal" is a traditional simile.
• "As white as snow" is a traditional simile.
• "As happy as a king" is a traditional simile.
• "As brave as a lion" is a traditional simile.
• "As hungry as a wolf" is a traditional simile.
• "As blind as a bat" is a traditional simile.
• "As busy as a bee" is a traditional simile.
• "As free as a bird" is a traditional simile.

Stylistic Device Identification

• "I have got a good china" is an example of metonymy.
• "She became a mere machine in her husband's house" is a metaphor.
• Person addressed as "Sir Something Somebody" is an instance of Antonomasia.
• "The sword is the worst argument" - Metonymy.
• "Tell him, our home cries out for him" - Metonymy.
• "The man keeps a good table" - Metonymy.
• "She was boiling with excitement"- Metaphor.
• "Poor little rich girl" - Oxymoron.
• "Tom and Huck are good bad boys of American literature"- Oxymoron.
• "She was filled sweet sorrow" - Oxymoron.
• "He loved her so much, so terribly, so hopelessly" - Gradation.
• "What wound is ever closed without a scar?"- Rhetorical question.
• "Style is the dress of the thought" - Metaphor.
• "It was probably an open secret." - Oxymoron.

Examples of Stylistic Devices

• "Her painful shoes slipped off." - Epithet.
• "The girls were dressed to kill." - Hyperbole.
• "A good book is the best friend." - Metaphor.
• "She was a small sparrow of a woman." - Epithet.
• "He was a bad winner and a good loser" - Antithesis.
• "She dropped a tear and her pocket handkerchief" - Zeugma.
• "Their compliments were food and drink to him" - Metaphor.
• "The boys all hated him, he was so good" - Irony.
• "A sharp pang of pain struck through him like a knife." - Simile.
• "His nature had developed like a flower"- Simile.
• "It was clear that I was under a friendly roof and in good hands" - Metonymy.
• "Women are not made for attack. Wait they must." - Inversion.
• In the sentence, "A smile would come into Mr. Pickwick's face: a smile extended into a laugh: the laugh into a roar and the roar became general," repetition occurs.
• "But what words shall describe the Mississippi, great farther of rivers?" - Rhetorical question.
• "He was laughing at her but not unkindly" - Litotes.
• "The clothes he wore, terribly shabby they were." - Inversion.
• "I know the world and the world knows me"- Chiasmus.
• "My heart's in the Highlands, my heart is not here. My heart is in the Highlands a -chasing a deer." - Repetition (anaphora).
• "They were all three from Milan, and one of them was to be a lawyer, and one was to he a painter, and one had intended to be a soldier" - Repetition (anaphora).
• "I have not seen you for ages." - Hyperbole.
• "Are you engaged?" - Pun.

Core Focus of Stylistics

• Stylistics primarily focuses on the study of style in language use.

Stylistic Analysis: Levels and Branches

• Numerical level is NOT a major level of stylistic analysis
• Foregrounding refers to a deviation from linguistic norms to create emphasis.
• Pragmatic stylistics focuses on the relationship between text and context.
• Unconventional spelling and punctuation exemplifies graphological deviation.
• Phonological analysis in stylistics is associated with sound patterns like alliteration and rhyme.

Lexical and Literary

• Using unfamiliar or coined words is an instance of lexical deviation.
• "Idiolect" refers to an individual's unique language style.
• Analyzing the unique linguistic choices of an author is a key concern of literary stylistics.
• Computational stylistics uses corpus analysis.
• Language style and effect form the primary focus of stylistics.
• Literary stylistics examines literary texts.
• Phonostylistics deals with sound patterns and their stylistic effect.
• Unusual spelling or punctuation is defined as graphological deviation.

Stylistic Devices: Sound and Repetition

• Alliteration involves the repetition of consonant sounds.
• Pragmatic stylistics studies the effect of language in communication.
• Foregrounding means using unexpected language patterns to create emphasis.
• Lexical deviation involves using uncommon or coined words.
• "Idiolect" refers to a person's unique language style.
• Inversion is a syntactic stylistic device.

Figurative Language & Corpus Stylistics

• The study of figurative language in stylistics falls under semantics.
• Corpus stylistics relies on computational analysis of language data.
• "Register" refers to the level of formality in language use.
• Deviation means breaking language norms for stylistic effect.
• Morphological deviation involves altering the usual structure of words.
• Phonetics studies pronunciation.

Syntactic Devices, Hyperbole & Cohesion

• Using an unconventional word order is an example of syntactic deviation.
• Dialectal variation examines regional language differences.
• Hyperbole is an exaggerated statement.
• Cohesion means a logical connection between ideas in a text.
• Idiolect refers to a writer's unique style.

Stylistic Structures

• Repeating sentence structures for emphasis is parallelism
• Stylistic analysis of poetry often focuses on sound patterns, rhythm, and figurative language.
• Alliteration is related to sound effects in poetry.
• Semantics studies a text's implied meaning.

Stylistic Techniques

• Asyndeton is the omission of conjunctions for effect.
• Altered pronunciation is an example of phonological deviation.
• Personification is attributing human qualities to non-human things.
• Ambiguity refers to multiple possible meanings in a text in stylistics.
• Satire is a stylistic feature used to create humor or irony.
• Anaphora is the repetition of words at the beginning of clauses.
• Simile compares two things using "like" or "as".

Core Stylistics Principles

• Stylistics is the study of styles in language.
• Algebraic is NOT a level of stylistic analysis.
• Idiolect is the unique way a writer expresses themselves.
• Literary stylistics is a branch of stylistics.
• Foregrounding technique that draws attention
• Capitalizing a random letter is an example of graphological deviation
• A trope in stylistics is figure of speech.

Word Choice & Phonetics

• In stylistics, lexical stylistics deals with word choice and meaning.
• Syntax is not a stylistic device.
• The study of stylistic variation is in different contexts is called register stylistics.
• Phonostylistics deals with sound patterns and intonation.
• Alliteration is an example of phonetic stylistics.
• Onomatopoeia is a sound imitation.

Assonance & Figurative Language

• Assonance involves repetition of vowel sounds.
• Metaphor is not and phonetic stylistic device
• Buzz is an example of a word that contains onomatopoeia.
• A limerick is verse with phonetic patterns.

Cacophony, Similes, and Literary Devices

• Cacophony involves harsh, discordant sounds.
• Alliteration are literary devices that relies on sound?
• A simile is a comparison using "like or as".
• "She is as fast as lightning" is an example of hyperbole.
• Metonymy involves substituting a related term .
• Personification gives inanimate objects human traits.

Oxymoron, Puns, and Euphemisms

• Irony involves opposite meaning than expected .
• An oxymoron is two opposite words together
• A pun relies on wordplay.
• Euphemism is used to soften a harsh phrase.
• "Her eyes were diamonds" is a example of sentence that uses metaphor
• Litotes is a form of understatement
• Parallelism involves repeating sentence structures
• Inversion changes word order
• Stylistics Which branch of linguistics studies style in language?

Stylistic Aspects

• Literary devices and language is the main focus of stylistics
• Alliteration is the stylistic device involves the repetition of the same initial consonant sound?
• Slang is is NOT a functional style of in English Language
• Deviation from linguistic norms to create emphasis is when which using foregrounding in stylistics? Alliteration is following example of phonetic stylistics?
• Hyperbole: involves an intentional exaggeration in an stylistic device?
• Simile is different from a metaphor through comparison
• “A poem written in lowercase letters”: Which of the following is an example of graphological stylistics? “Sentence structure and arrangement”: What is syntactical stylistics concerned with?