Podcast
Questions and Answers
What determines the strength of a sensation in the brain?
What determines the strength of a sensation in the brain?
- The location of the receptors
- The frequency of action potential (correct)
- The type of stimulus applied
- The duration of the stimulus
Which statement is true regarding crude touch?
Which statement is true regarding crude touch?
- Uses Aβ fibers for afferent transmission
- Has receptors like Merkel's and Meisner's
- Is well localized
- Utilizes the ventral spino-thalamic tract (correct)
What describes tactile discrimination?
What describes tactile discrimination?
- Ability to locate where one point is touched
- Ability to recognize two points touched as separate (correct)
- Ability to feel only one point touched
- Ability to distinguish between temperatures
How can the threshold distance for tactile discrimination be decreased?
How can the threshold distance for tactile discrimination be decreased?
Which of the following is NOT classified as a special sensation?
Which of the following is NOT classified as a special sensation?
What is the role of macrophages in nerve regeneration?
What is the role of macrophages in nerve regeneration?
Which stain is used to demonstrate changes in the myelin sheath?
Which stain is used to demonstrate changes in the myelin sheath?
What type of cells are primarily found in spinal ganglia?
What type of cells are primarily found in spinal ganglia?
What characteristic differentiates sympathetic ganglia from spinal ganglia?
What characteristic differentiates sympathetic ganglia from spinal ganglia?
What initiates the regeneration process of nerve fibers?
What initiates the regeneration process of nerve fibers?
Which of the following best describes the abundance of glial cells compared to neurons in the mammalian brain?
Which of the following best describes the abundance of glial cells compared to neurons in the mammalian brain?
What is the significance of Schwann cells during the regeneration of nerve fibers?
What is the significance of Schwann cells during the regeneration of nerve fibers?
What feature characterizes the arrangement of cells in spinal ganglia?
What feature characterizes the arrangement of cells in spinal ganglia?
What defines the structure of the epidermis?
What defines the structure of the epidermis?
Which layer of the epidermis is mainly responsible for cell division?
Which layer of the epidermis is mainly responsible for cell division?
Which cell type is NOT found in the Stratum Basale of the epidermis?
Which cell type is NOT found in the Stratum Basale of the epidermis?
What is the primary function of keratinocytes in the epidermis?
What is the primary function of keratinocytes in the epidermis?
How does the epidermis receive its nutrition?
How does the epidermis receive its nutrition?
What is a key feature of the Stratum Spinosum?
What is a key feature of the Stratum Spinosum?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of thick (non-hairy) skin?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of thick (non-hairy) skin?
What is the primary role of melanocytes found in the epidermis?
What is the primary role of melanocytes found in the epidermis?
Which layer of the epidermis is notably thicker in thick skin?
Which layer of the epidermis is notably thicker in thick skin?
Where are eccrine sweat glands more numerous?
Where are eccrine sweat glands more numerous?
What characterizes the dermal papillae in thin skin compared to thick skin?
What characterizes the dermal papillae in thin skin compared to thick skin?
Which appendages are present in thin skin but absent in thick skin?
Which appendages are present in thin skin but absent in thick skin?
What type of cells form the majority of the secretory part of eccrine sweat glands?
What type of cells form the majority of the secretory part of eccrine sweat glands?
Which of the following accurately describes apocrine sweat glands?
Which of the following accurately describes apocrine sweat glands?
What distinguishes the secretion method of eccrine sweat glands from apocrine sweat glands?
What distinguishes the secretion method of eccrine sweat glands from apocrine sweat glands?
Which feature is characteristic of the granular layer in thick skin compared to thin skin?
Which feature is characteristic of the granular layer in thick skin compared to thin skin?
What is the primary function of the recurrent laryngeal nerve?
What is the primary function of the recurrent laryngeal nerve?
Which branch of the vagus nerve provides sensory innervation to the root of the tongue and epiglottis?
Which branch of the vagus nerve provides sensory innervation to the root of the tongue and epiglottis?
Which nerve is responsible for parasympathetic innervation to the parotid gland?
Which nerve is responsible for parasympathetic innervation to the parotid gland?
What occurs when the recurrent laryngeal nerve is injured?
What occurs when the recurrent laryngeal nerve is injured?
Which statement is true regarding the accessory nerve?
Which statement is true regarding the accessory nerve?
Which muscle is innervated by the external laryngeal nerve?
Which muscle is innervated by the external laryngeal nerve?
The vagus nerve is responsible for supplying which of the following?
The vagus nerve is responsible for supplying which of the following?
Which branch of the vagus nerve primarily supplies the pharyngeal muscles?
Which branch of the vagus nerve primarily supplies the pharyngeal muscles?
What is the role of general visceral efferent (GVE) fibers?
What is the role of general visceral efferent (GVE) fibers?
Which congenital anomaly involves the failure of closure of the cranial neuropore?
Which congenital anomaly involves the failure of closure of the cranial neuropore?
What structure is derived from the basal lamina of the spinal cord?
What structure is derived from the basal lamina of the spinal cord?
Meningomyelocele is defined as:
Meningomyelocele is defined as:
What structures are formed from the neural crest?
What structures are formed from the neural crest?
Hydrocephalus is primarily caused by:
Hydrocephalus is primarily caused by:
Which of the following is true about spina bifida?
Which of the following is true about spina bifida?
Which part of the spinal cord develops into sensory cells?
Which part of the spinal cord develops into sensory cells?
Flashcards
Internodal Segments
Internodal Segments
Areas between Nodes of Ranvier where fat splits into fatty acids.
Schwann Cells
Schwann Cells
Cells that proliferate and form cellular columns to guide axon growth during nerve regeneration.
Nerve Regeneration
Nerve Regeneration
The process of repairing damaged nerve fibers.
Macrophages
Macrophages
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Axon Growth
Axon Growth
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Ganglion
Ganglion
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Craniospinal Ganglia
Craniospinal Ganglia
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Autonomic Ganglia
Autonomic Ganglia
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Spinal Ganglion
Spinal Ganglion
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Sympathetic Ganglion
Sympathetic Ganglion
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Neuroglia
Neuroglia
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Nissl bodies
Nissl bodies
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Golgi body
Golgi body
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Neurofibrils
Neurofibrils
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Myelin Sheath
Myelin Sheath
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Reverberating Circuits
Reverberating Circuits
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Epidermis
Epidermis
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Dermis
Dermis
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Thick Skin
Thick Skin
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Stratum Basale
Stratum Basale
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Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Spinosum
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Keratinocytes
Keratinocytes
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Avascular Skin
Avascular Skin
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Strength of Sensation
Strength of Sensation
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Somatic Sensation
Somatic Sensation
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Mechanoceptive Sensation
Mechanoceptive Sensation
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Crude Touch
Crude Touch
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Fine Touch
Fine Touch
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Tactile Localization
Tactile Localization
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Tactile Discrimination
Tactile Discrimination
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Threshold Distance
Threshold Distance
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Thick Skin
Thick Skin
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Thin Skin
Thin Skin
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Epidermis Layers (Thick Skin)
Epidermis Layers (Thick Skin)
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Epidermis Layers (Thin Skin)
Epidermis Layers (Thin Skin)
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Dermal Papillae (Thick Skin)
Dermal Papillae (Thick Skin)
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Dermal Papillae (Thin Skin)
Dermal Papillae (Thin Skin)
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Hair Follicles/Sebaceous Glands/Arrector Pili (Thick Skin)
Hair Follicles/Sebaceous Glands/Arrector Pili (Thick Skin)
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Hair Follicles/Sebaceous Glands/Arrector Pili (Thin Skin)
Hair Follicles/Sebaceous Glands/Arrector Pili (Thin Skin)
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Eccrine Sweat Glands
Eccrine Sweat Glands
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Apocrine Sweat Glands
Apocrine Sweat Glands
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Meningeal Branch (Vagus)
Meningeal Branch (Vagus)
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Tympanic Nerve
Tympanic Nerve
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Nerve to Stylopharyngeus
Nerve to Stylopharyngeus
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Pharyngeal Branches
Pharyngeal Branches
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Lingual Branches
Lingual Branches
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Vagus Nerve Branches (Head & Neck)
Vagus Nerve Branches (Head & Neck)
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Accessory Nerve
Accessory Nerve
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Hypoglossal Nerve
Hypoglossal Nerve
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Supra-laryngeal Nerve (Internal)
Supra-laryngeal Nerve (Internal)
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Supra-laryngeal Nerve (External)
Supra-laryngeal Nerve (External)
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Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve (Right)
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve (Right)
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General Visceral Efferent (GVE)
General Visceral Efferent (GVE)
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Special Visceral Efferent (SVE)
Special Visceral Efferent (SVE)
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Special Efferent (SE)
Special Efferent (SE)
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Basal Lamina
Basal Lamina
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Alar Lamina
Alar Lamina
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Filum Terminale
Filum Terminale
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Hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalus
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Anencephaly
Anencephaly
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Spina Bifida
Spina Bifida
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Meningocele
Meningocele
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Meningomyelocele
Meningomyelocele
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Myelocele
Myelocele
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Spinal Cord Length
Spinal Cord Length
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Study Notes
Nervous System
- The nervous system is a complex network consisting of nerve cells (neurons) and glial cells.
- Neurons are the structural and functional units of the nervous system. They are responsible for transmitting information throughout the body.
- Glial cells provide support and protection to neurons.
- Neurons have a cell body (perikaryon) and processes (dendrites and axon).
- The nucleus is usually large, spherical and euchromatic with a prominent nucleolus.
- The cytoplasm contains well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER), ribosomes (polyribosomes), mitochondria, neurofilaments, microtubules, and inclusions like lipofuscin.
- The Golgi complex surrounds the nucleus.
- Dendrites receive information.
- Axons transmit information.
- Synapses are the junctions between neurons where neurotransmitters are released.
Index
- The index provides a list of topics covered in the document and their page numbers
- Each topic contains a large variety of subtopics, for example, the topic "Nervous System" has subtopics such as: "Introduction of nervous system", "Histological structure of Neurons", "Nerve fibers", "Peripheral nerve system" and so on
Nervous Tissue
- Nervous tissue is made of nerve cells and glial cells (supportive cells).
- Neurons are highly specialized cells that receive and transmit information. Larger structures, like the cell body and the long axon form the neuron.
- A cell body is a receptive part of the neuron and contains nucleus and cytoplasm.
- Dendrites, which branch and subdivide from the cell body, are responsible for receiving signals.
- The axon, which is a long extension from the cell body, is responsible transmitting signals to other nerve cells or effectors.
Ganglia
- Ganglia are clusters of nerve cells outside the central nervous system.
- They are covered by a connective tissue capsule.
- Spinal ganglia contain sensory neurons.
- Autonomic ganglia contain motor neurons involved in the autonomic nervous system.
- Cells in ganglia are typically unipolar (pseudounipolar) or multipolar in structure.
Neuroglia
- Glial cells are abundant in the CNS (approximately 10 times more numerous than neurons).
- They surround nerve cell bodies and processes in the CNS.
- There are various types of glial cells: astrocytes (macropglia), oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells.
- Schwann and satellite cells are types in the peripheral nerve system.
- Their functions range from providing support for neurons to roles in regulating extracellular fluid composition and immune defense.
Synapse
- This describes the methods of neurotransmitter transmission from a pre-synaptic neuron to a post-synaptic neuron.
- Electrical synapses involve the direct flow of electrical current into the post-synaptic neuron.
- Chemical synapses involve the release of neurotransmitters from vesicles, which may bind to receptors on a post-synaptic neuron activating certain processes.
Degeneration and regeneration of nerve tissue
- Retrograde degeneration involves changes in the cell body of a damaged neuron.
- Wallerian degeneration involves changes in the axon distal to the site of injury.
- Regeneration occurs in peripheral nerves via Schwann cells forming pathways for growing axons to restore function.
Central Nervous System (CNS)
- The CNS is composed of the brain and spinal cord.
- It is responsible for processing information from the body and coordinating responses.
- It is responsible for controlling everything from simple reflexes to complex thoughts and behaviors.
- The brain and spinal cord are protected by meninges (dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater).
- Spinal cord is a primary channel for information from and to the brain.
- The CNS contains tracts that carry information from sensory receptors to the brain, and from the brain to muscles and glands.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- The PNS comprises nerves and ganglia outside The CNS.
- It transmits signals between the CNS and the rest of the body.
- It is responsible for receiving sensory input and generating motor output.
- Nerves contain bundles of nerve fibers surrounded by connective tissue coverings of epineurium, perineurium and endoneurium.
Peripheral Nerve
- Peripheral nerves are bundles of nerve fibers enclosed in connective tissues.
- The nerve is covered by dense connective tissue called epineurium.
- Nerve bundles are surrounded by perineurium (it is formed of flattened epithelium-like cells).
- It is covered by endoneurium (a delicate layer of reticular fibers), which maintains the individual nerve fibers separately.
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