Untitled Quiz
45 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What determines the strength of a sensation in the brain?

  • The location of the receptors
  • The frequency of action potential (correct)
  • The type of stimulus applied
  • The duration of the stimulus

    • Which statement is true regarding crude touch?

  • Uses Aβ fibers for afferent transmission
  • Has receptors like Merkel's and Meisner's
  • Is well localized
  • Utilizes the ventral spino-thalamic tract (correct)

    • What describes tactile discrimination?

  • Ability to locate where one point is touched
  • Ability to recognize two points touched as separate (correct)
  • Ability to feel only one point touched
  • Ability to distinguish between temperatures

    • How can the threshold distance for tactile discrimination be decreased?

    <p>By increasing the number of receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT classified as a special sensation?

    <p>Hunger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of macrophages in nerve regeneration?

    <p>They remove debris and secrete interleukin 1.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stain is used to demonstrate changes in the myelin sheath?

    <p>Osmic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are primarily found in spinal ganglia?

    <p>Unipolar cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic differentiates sympathetic ganglia from spinal ganglia?

    <p>Sympathetic ganglia cells are uniform in size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the regeneration process of nerve fibers?

    <p>Secretion of substances by Schwann cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the abundance of glial cells compared to neurons in the mammalian brain?

    <p>Glial cells are ten times more abundant than neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Schwann cells during the regeneration of nerve fibers?

    <p>They provide structural support for growing axons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature characterizes the arrangement of cells in spinal ganglia?

    <p>Cells are arranged in rows or groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the structure of the epidermis?

    <p>It is a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the epidermis is mainly responsible for cell division?

    <p>Stratum Basale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is NOT found in the Stratum Basale of the epidermis?

    <p>Langerhans cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of keratinocytes in the epidermis?

    <p>To accumulate keratin and provide a protective barrier.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the epidermis receive its nutrition?

    <p>Diffusion from the dermis below.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of the Stratum Spinosum?

    <p>Its cells appear to have a prickly appearance due to desmosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of thick (non-hairy) skin?

    <p>Presence of hair follicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of melanocytes found in the epidermis?

    <p>To synthesize melanin for color and protection against UV radiation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the epidermis is notably thicker in thick skin?

    <p>Horny layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are eccrine sweat glands more numerous?

    <p>Thick skin of palms and soles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the dermal papillae in thin skin compared to thick skin?

    <p>They are fewer and more irregular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which appendages are present in thin skin but absent in thick skin?

    <p>Hair follicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells form the majority of the secretory part of eccrine sweat glands?

    <p>Large clear cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes apocrine sweat glands?

    <p>Less numerous in thin skin of axillary region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the secretion method of eccrine sweat glands from apocrine sweat glands?

    <p>Eccrine uses a merocrine mode, while apocrine uses an apocrine mode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is characteristic of the granular layer in thick skin compared to thin skin?

    <p>Thicker with 3-5 layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the recurrent laryngeal nerve?

    <p>Supplies all muscles of the larynx except cricothyroid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch of the vagus nerve provides sensory innervation to the root of the tongue and epiglottis?

    <p>Internal laryngeal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is responsible for parasympathetic innervation to the parotid gland?

    <p>Lesser petrosal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when the recurrent laryngeal nerve is injured?

    <p>Hoarseness of voice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the accessory nerve?

    <p>It contains motor fibers only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is innervated by the external laryngeal nerve?

    <p>Cricothyroid muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The vagus nerve is responsible for supplying which of the following?

    <p>Sensory to tonsils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch of the vagus nerve primarily supplies the pharyngeal muscles?

    <p>Pharyngeal branches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of general visceral efferent (GVE) fibers?

    <p>Supplying viscera with parasympathetic fibers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which congenital anomaly involves the failure of closure of the cranial neuropore?

    <p>Anencephaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is derived from the basal lamina of the spinal cord?

    <p>Motor cells in the ventral horn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Meningomyelocele is defined as:

    <p>Part of the spinal cord and meninges protruding through a vertebral defect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures are formed from the neural crest?

    <p>Suprarenal medulla and Schwann cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrocephalus is primarily caused by:

    <p>Obstruction in the neural tube lumen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about spina bifida?

    <p>It may involve protrusion of spinal cord or meninges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the spinal cord develops into sensory cells?

    <p>Alar lamina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nervous System

    • The nervous system is a complex network consisting of nerve cells (neurons) and glial cells.
    • Neurons are the structural and functional units of the nervous system. They are responsible for transmitting information throughout the body.
    • Glial cells provide support and protection to neurons.
    • Neurons have a cell body (perikaryon) and processes (dendrites and axon).
    • The nucleus is usually large, spherical and euchromatic with a prominent nucleolus.
    • The cytoplasm contains well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER), ribosomes (polyribosomes), mitochondria, neurofilaments, microtubules, and inclusions like lipofuscin.
    • The Golgi complex surrounds the nucleus.
    • Dendrites receive information.
    • Axons transmit information.
    • Synapses are the junctions between neurons where neurotransmitters are released.

    Index

    • The index provides a list of topics covered in the document and their page numbers
    • Each topic contains a large variety of subtopics, for example, the topic "Nervous System" has subtopics such as: "Introduction of nervous system", "Histological structure of Neurons", "Nerve fibers", "Peripheral nerve system" and so on

    Nervous Tissue

    • Nervous tissue is made of nerve cells and glial cells (supportive cells).
    • Neurons are highly specialized cells that receive and transmit information. Larger structures, like the cell body and the long axon form the neuron.
    • A cell body is a receptive part of the neuron and contains nucleus and cytoplasm.
    • Dendrites, which branch and subdivide from the cell body, are responsible for receiving signals.
    • The axon, which is a long extension from the cell body, is responsible transmitting signals to other nerve cells or effectors.

    Ganglia

    • Ganglia are clusters of nerve cells outside the central nervous system.
    • They are covered by a connective tissue capsule.
    • Spinal ganglia contain sensory neurons.
    • Autonomic ganglia contain motor neurons involved in the autonomic nervous system.
    • Cells in ganglia are typically unipolar (pseudounipolar) or multipolar in structure.

    Neuroglia

    • Glial cells are abundant in the CNS (approximately 10 times more numerous than neurons).
    • They surround nerve cell bodies and processes in the CNS.
    • There are various types of glial cells: astrocytes (macropglia), oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells.
    • Schwann and satellite cells are types in the peripheral nerve system.
    • Their functions range from providing support for neurons to roles in regulating extracellular fluid composition and immune defense.

    Synapse

    • This describes the methods of neurotransmitter transmission from a pre-synaptic neuron to a post-synaptic neuron.
    • Electrical synapses involve the direct flow of electrical current into the post-synaptic neuron.
    • Chemical synapses involve the release of neurotransmitters from vesicles, which may bind to receptors on a post-synaptic neuron activating certain processes.

    Degeneration and regeneration of nerve tissue

    • Retrograde degeneration involves changes in the cell body of a damaged neuron.
    • Wallerian degeneration involves changes in the axon distal to the site of injury.
    • Regeneration occurs in peripheral nerves via Schwann cells forming pathways for growing axons to restore function.

    Central Nervous System (CNS)

    • The CNS is composed of the brain and spinal cord.
    • It is responsible for processing information from the body and coordinating responses.
    • It is responsible for controlling everything from simple reflexes to complex thoughts and behaviors.
    • The brain and spinal cord are protected by meninges (dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater).
    • Spinal cord is a primary channel for information from and to the brain.
    • The CNS contains tracts that carry information from sensory receptors to the brain, and from the brain to muscles and glands.

    Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

    • The PNS comprises nerves and ganglia outside The CNS.
    • It transmits signals between the CNS and the rest of the body.
    • It is responsible for receiving sensory input and generating motor output.
    • Nerves contain bundles of nerve fibers surrounded by connective tissue coverings of epineurium, perineurium and endoneurium.

    Peripheral Nerve

    • Peripheral nerves are bundles of nerve fibers enclosed in connective tissues.
    • The nerve is covered by dense connective tissue called epineurium.
    • Nerve bundles are surrounded by perineurium (it is formed of flattened epithelium-like cells).
    • It is covered by endoneurium (a delicate layer of reticular fibers), which maintains the individual nerve fibers separately.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    NERVOUS SYSTEM Handout NRS 25 PDF

    More Like This

    Untitled Quiz
    6 questions

    Untitled Quiz

    AdoredHealing avatar
    AdoredHealing
    Untitled Quiz
    37 questions

    Untitled Quiz

    WellReceivedSquirrel7948 avatar
    WellReceivedSquirrel7948
    Untitled Quiz
    55 questions

    Untitled Quiz

    StatuesquePrimrose avatar
    StatuesquePrimrose
    Untitled Quiz
    18 questions

    Untitled Quiz

    RighteousIguana avatar
    RighteousIguana
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser