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What is the primary function of biological membranes?

Act as barriers that define the cell's internal environment (correct)

Produce cellular waste products

Facilitate energy production in cells

Serve as a site for protein synthesis

Which of the following statements about phospholipids is true?

They are entirely hydrophobic.

They are only found in prokaryotic cells.

They contain both fatty acid tails and hydrophilic heads. (correct)

They have identical structures that vary only in fatty acid chain length.

What role do proteins embedded in the membrane primarily serve?

To compose the majority of membrane structure

To create energy through ATP synthesis

To function solely as enzymes for chemical reactions

To stabilize the membrane's structure and facilitate molecular attachment (correct)

What characterizes the selective permeability of cellular membranes?

They permit selective import and export of specific molecules. Signup and view all the answers

In what way do lipids contribute to biological membranes?

They form the hydrophobic component necessary for membrane integrity. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the fatty acid tail in phospholipids?

It contributes to the fluidity of the membrane bilayer. Signup and view all the answers

What type of transport requires energy in biological membranes?

Active transport Signup and view all the answers

How do carbohydrates, such as glycans, contribute to membrane function?

They are involved in cell recognition and signaling. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of pancreatic acinar cells in the digestive system?

They secrete pancreatic digestive enzymes into the GI tract. Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism allows for the direct passage of ions and small molecules between two cells?

Gap junctions Signup and view all the answers

Which type of extracellular signaling involves a cell releasing a signaling molecule that only affects itself?

Autocrine Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct sequence of processes involved in cell signaling?

Reception, Transduction, Response Signup and view all the answers

Which class of signaling molecules primarily uses intracellular receptors for signal transduction?

Lipophilic molecules Signup and view all the answers

Which type of signaling would likely have a slower effect on target cells but act over a longer distance?

Endocrine signaling Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily responsible for the rapid onset of effects in modified responses?

Class of the signaling molecule Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is primarily associated with local diffusion of chemical messengers?

Paracrine signaling Signup and view all the answers

Which factor causes an increase in the diffusion coefficient D according to the stokes-Einstein equation?

Increase in temperature Signup and view all the answers

What effect does increasing the viscosity of the diffusion medium have on the rate of diffusion?

It decreases the rate of diffusion Signup and view all the answers

According to Fick's First Law, what happens to the rate of diffusion (J) if the area (A) across which diffusion is occurring increases?

J increases Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT a consideration when diffusing across lipid membrane barriers?

pH of solution Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes osmosis?

The diffusion of water down its concentration gradient. Signup and view all the answers

What is the result when osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure are at equilibrium?

Water movement ceases. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following has a direct impact on the rate of net diffusion across the plasma membrane?

Concentration of solute Signup and view all the answers

What does a larger molecular weight imply about the rate of net diffusion (Q)?

Q decreases Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ligand-gated ion channels?

Changing membrane potential in milliseconds Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a class of downstream effects mentioned?

Hormonal regulation Signup and view all the answers

What type of receptor is involved in gene transcription and takes hours to exhibit cellular effects?

Nuclear receptors Signup and view all the answers

Which receptor type directly phosphorylates tyrosine amino acids upon ligand binding?

Enzyme-linked receptors Signup and view all the answers

How does a Ca2+ conducting channel primarily affect a cell?

By acting as a second messenger Signup and view all the answers

Which protein is likely affected by enzyme-linked receptors like insulin receptors?

Growth factor proteins Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a neuron's likelihood to fire an action potential when Cl- channels are activated?

Decreases due to hyperpolarization Signup and view all the answers

What is the time frame for transcriptional changes in response to receptor activation?

Hours Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is formed between the ammonium group and the acid group in proteins?

Ionic bond Signup and view all the answers

Which functional group undergoes oxidation to form disulphide bonds in proteins?

-SH groups Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the structure of fibrous proteins?

Trimer of alpha helical polypeptide chains Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of haemoglobin in the body?

Carries oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by activation energy in chemical reactions?

The minimum energy required to initiate a reaction Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of enzymes in metabolic pathways?

To lower the activation energy for reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of maintaining a human body temperature of 37 degrees?

To ensure enzymes function optimally Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is used to determine the three-dimensional structure of proteins?

X-ray Crystallography Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the enzyme fumarase in the citric acid cycle (CAC)?

To add H2O to fumarate forming malate Signup and view all the answers

Which product is generated from one cycle of the citric acid cycle per Acetyl CoA input?

3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 GTP Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of NADH and FADH2 produced in the citric acid cycle?

They move to the electron transport chain to generate ATP Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of oxidative phosphorylation in ATP production?

It couples oxidation of carbon fuels to ATP synthesis Signup and view all the answers

How many ATP does each NADH and FADH2 generate during oxidative phosphorylation?

2.5 ATP from each NADH and 1.5 ATP from each FADH2 Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the electron transport chain (ETC)?

Electrons flow through protein complexes, pumping protons across the membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of creating a proton gradient in oxidative phosphorylation?

It creates electrical potential for ATP synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about ATP requirements is accurate?

The body reserves are insufficient for daily ATP needs Signup and view all the answers

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This quiz focuses on enhancing your study skills and tips for effective quizzing. It covers techniques to improve retention and strategies to tackle different question formats. Perfect for students wanting to develop their learning process.