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Which of the following is NOT considered a pathogen?

  • Viruses
  • Bacteria
  • Carbohydrates (correct)
  • Fungi

    • All viruses are beneficial to human health.

    False

    Give an example of a disease caused by bacteria.

    Food poisoning

    The __________ virus is known to cause the flu.

    <p>Influenza</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of pathogen with its example:

    <p>Bacteria = Salmonella Virus = Influenza Fungi = Microsporum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about bacteria is true?

    <p>Bacteria have no cell nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fungi are considered unicellular only.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary way bacteria cause diseases?

    <p>By sucking nutrients after attacking a cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are sound waves classified as?

    <p>Longitudinal waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Higher amplitude sound waves are associated with lower loudness.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between wavelength and frequency in sound waves?

    <p>Shorter wavelengths correspond to higher frequencies, while longer wavelengths correspond to lower frequencies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Light can travel through ______ where there is no matter.

    <p>space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which medium does sound travel the fastest?

    <p>Steel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following with the correct descriptions:

    <p>Amplitude = Height of the wave which relates to loudness Wavelength = Distance between two consecutive wave crests Compression = Region where molecules are densely packed Rarefaction = Region where molecules are spaced apart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the speed of light from the Sun to the Earth?

    <p>About 8 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sound waves cannot travel through liquids.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of antibodies in the immune system?

    <p>To identify and fight specific pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cilia are microscopic hairs that help in trapping pathogens from the airways.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is herd immunity?

    <p>Herd immunity is the protection from infection provided when most of a population is immune.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ system is responsible for preventing and fighting disease.

    <p>immune</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms with their definitions:

    <p>Antibody = A protein that fights a specific pathogen B cell = A white blood cell that produces proteins to attack pathogens Contagious Disease = A condition that can spread from person to person Infectious Disease = A condition caused by a pathogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a first line of defense against pathogens?

    <p>Skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fungi can feed off living hosts and potentially cause diseases like athlete's foot.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a bacterium?

    <p>A simple, single-celled microbe without a nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the loudness of a sound?

    <p>Amplitude of the sound wave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sound can travel through a vacuum.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the quality of sound that depends on the frequency of the sound wave?

    <p>Pitch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A large drum produces a _____ sound because it vibrates slowly.

    <p>low-pitched</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Amplitude = The height of a wave's crest Frequency = The number of waves that pass a point in one second Wavelength = The distance between two crests of a wave Rarefaction = The part of the wave where particles are further apart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the rarefaction part of a sound wave?

    <p>Particles are further apart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transverse waves involve particles moving parallel to the wave direction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lens causes light rays to diverge?

    <p>Concave lens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a cation?

    <p>A positively charged ion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anions are positively charged ions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do you determine the charge of an ion using its symbol?

    <p>By looking for positive or negative signs next to the element symbol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mass number of an atom is calculated by adding the number of _____ and _____ together.

    <p>protons, neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about electrons is true?

    <p>Electrons are the lightest of the subatomic particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An isotope has the same number of neutrons but a different number of protons compared to the original element.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates that a chlorine ion has a charge of -1?

    <p>The symbol Cl-1 or Cl-.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly defines reactants in a chemical reaction?

    <p>The substances that react with each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A chemical equation must always include the names of the products on the left side of the arrow.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Law of Conservation of Matter?

    <p>Matter cannot be created or destroyed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Iron rusting is an example of a __________ change.

    <p>chemical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be true for a chemical equation to be balanced?

    <p>The number of atoms of each element must be equal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Word equations use the symbols of elements to represent reactants and products.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a symbol equation, sodium and oxygen combine to form __________.

    <p>sodium oxide (NaO2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pathogens

    • Pathogens are disease-causing agents.
    • Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites are all classified as pathogens.

    Diseases Caused by Bacteria

    • An example of a disease caused by bacteria is pneumonia.

    The Flu Virus

    • The influenza virus is known to cause the flu.

    Types of Pathogens

    • Viruses: Live inside cells and reproduce using a host's cellular machinery.
    • Bacteria: Single-celled organisms that can cause various diseases.
    • Fungi: Can be multicellular or single-celled and cause diseases like athlete's foot.
    • Parasites: Live in or on a host and benefit at the host's expense.

    Bacteria Characteristics

    • A true statement about bacteria is that they are single-celled organisms.

    How Bacteria Cause Diseases

    • The primary way bacteria cause diseases is by producing toxins that damage the host's body.

    Sound Waves

    • Sound waves are considered longitudinal waves.
    • Higher amplitude sound waves are associated with greater loudness.
    • Wavelength and frequency in sound waves are inversely proportional.

    The Travel of Light

    • Light can travel through a vacuum where there is no matter.
    • Sound waves cannot travel through liquids.

    Sound Travel Speed

    • Sound travels fastest in solids.

    Sound Wave Parts

    • During the rarefaction part of a sound wave, the particles in the medium spread apart.

    Immune System

    • Antibodies play a role in the immune system by binding to and neutralizing pathogens.
    • Cilia trap pathogens from the airways by sweeping them away.
    • Herd immunity is when a large percentage of a population is immune to a disease, making it difficult for the disease to spread.
    • The immune system is responsible for preventing and fighting disease.

    First Line of Defense Against Pathogens

    • An example of a first line of defense against pathogens is skin.

    Characteristics of Bacteria

    • The primary characteristic of a bacterium is that it is single-celled.

    Sound Wave Characteristics

    • The loudness of a sound is determined by the amplitude of the sound wave.
    • Sound cannot travel through a vacuum.
    • The pitch of a sound is the quality that depends on the frequency of the sound wave.
    • A large drum produces a low-pitched sound because it vibrates slowly.

    Types of Waves

    • Transverse waves involve particles moving perpendicular to the wave direction.

    Lenses and Light Rays

    • A concave lens causes light rays to diverge.

    Ions

    • A cation is a positively charged ion.
    • Anions are negatively charged ions.
    • To determine the charge of an ion using its symbol, look for the superscript.
    • The mass number of an atom is calculated by adding the number of protons and neutrons together.

    Characteristics of Electrons

    • Electrons are negatively charged particles located outside the nucleus.

    Isotopes & Ions

    • An isotope has the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.
    • A chlorine ion with a charge of -1 indicates that it has gained an electron.

    Chemical Reactions

    • Reactants are the substances that are present at the start of a chemical reaction.
    • A chemical equation must always include the names of the products on the right side of the arrow.

    Chemical Principles

    • The Law of Conservation of Matter states that matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction.
    • Iron rusting is an example of a chemical change.
    • A chemical equation is balanced when the number of atoms of each element is the same on both sides of the equation.

    Chemical Symbols & Equations

    • Word equations use the words of elements to represent reactants and products.
    • In a symbol equation, sodium and oxygen combine to form sodium oxide.

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