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Core Principles of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

• Encapsulation: Bundles data and methods together, controlling access with modifiers like public, private, and protected.
• Inheritance: Creates new classes based on existing ones, promoting code reusability. Achieved using base and derived class keywords.
• Polymorphism: Treats objects of different classes derived from the same base class as objects of that base class. Implemented through method overriding and interfaces.
• Abstraction: Represents essential features of complex objects, simplifying development. Achieved with abstract classes and interfaces.

Classes and Objects

• Class: A blueprint defining the structure and behavior of objects with properties and methods.
• Object: An instance of a class, created using the new keyword.

Access Modifiers

• Public: Access from anywhere.
• Private: Access only within the class.
• Protected: Access within the class and its derived classes.
• Internal: Access within the same assembly.

Constructors and Destructors

• Constructor: A special method used to initialize object fields when it is created.
• Destructor: Used for cleanup when an object is no longer needed (less common in C# due to garbage collection).

Interfaces

• Contracts that classes must adhere to, providing a blueprint.
• Contain only method signatures, not implementations.
• Support multiple inheritance.

Abstract Classes

• Cannot be instantiated directly, only meant for subclassing.
• Can contain abstract methods (without bodies) and concrete methods (with bodies).

Method Overriding and Overloading

• Overriding: Redefining a base class method in a derived class using the override keyword.
• Overloading: Creating multiple methods with the same name but different parameters in the same class.

Static Members

• Declared with the static keyword, belonging to the class rather than an instance.
• Useful for data or methods shared by all instances.

Value vs. Reference Types

• Value Types: Store data directly (e.g., int, struct).
• Reference Types: Store references to the actual data (e.g., object, class, string).

Common OOP Use Cases in C#

• Creating complex data models.
• Implementing design patterns for structure and organization.
• Building maintainable and scalable applications.

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