Study Notes Compilation

301074

Sand dunes

One hour

<p>North-west (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Jhat</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Longitude/Meridian</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural Features: Sand dune. Broken Ground. Man made features: Cart track Pack track Permanent hut Temple</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mumbai</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kanchenjunga</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tropic of Cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coromandel Coast</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Percolation pit (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bituminous (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sugarcane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mangrove (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Sundarbans</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Global warming/El Nino effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>June to September.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Western disturbances originating in the Mediterranean region/Temperate cyclones (A), North-east winter monsoon wind/retreating monsoon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Land loses heat fast and high pressure develops over it during the cold season. The surrounding seas remain warm and have low pressure during this time. This winds blow from land to sea and are offshore. (A), Kerala lies in the southwest of the country where the southwest monsoon wind strikes first. The wind then advances to the north and reaches Uttar Pradesh. (B), Visakhapatnam has a coastal location and experiences the moderating influence of the sea. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>April</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tropical Cyclones/Retreating Monsoon winds/Northeast Winter Monsoon wind</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coarse soil with kankars = Bhangar soil Soil closer to the river = Khadar soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The khadar soil gets replenished every year and is hence more fertile.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deforestation / mining / urbanization / industrialization / over grazing / shifting cultivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Crop rotation / contour ploughing / strip cropping / shelter belts</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erosion and weathering of crystalline metamorphic and igneous rocks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Porous/cannot hold moisture</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parts of Odisha / Madhya Pradesh / Chhattisgarh / Jharkhand / Tamil Nadu / Karnataka/ Meghalaya/ Manipur/ Nagaland/ Mizoram</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Any type of soil like alluvial, black. Cultivation also possible on red and laterite with irrigation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Moong, Masoor, Toor, Urad, Chana, Arhar, Gram</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leguminous crop, helps to replenish the soil naturally/important source of plant protein/can be grown in any type of soil/hardy crops that can grow in difficult climatic conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cotton</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gives us valuable foreign exchange/generates employment/helps in the decentralization of industries/meets high domestic demand of a tropical country</p> Signup and view all the answers

A type of soil that is coarse, contains kankars (small nodules), and is found in areas where there is less rainfall.

A soil found in areas near rivers and is rich in nutrients due to the deposition of alluvial sediments.

The process of removing topsoil from its original location by wind or water, leading to land degradation.

Activities like deforestation, overgrazing, and improper agricultural practices can lead to the loss of topsoil.

Techniques such as contour farming, crop rotation, and planting windbreaks help prevent soil erosion by reducing the impact of wind and water.

A soil formed from the weathering of ancient crystalline rocks, typically red or reddish brown in color, and rich in iron oxides.

Red Soil is well-suited for dry farming as it has good drainage and retains moisture, allowing crops to survive in areas with limited rainfall.

Red Soil is found in parts of India such as Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and parts of the Deccan Plateau.

Black Soil has a high clay content, which allows it to retain moisture and expand when wet, creating cracks that act as natural plough lines.

Laterite Soil is poor in nutrients and has a high iron content, making it unsuitable for cultivating most crops.

Alluvial soil is formed by the deposition of sediments carried by rivers, resulting in fertile soil rich in nutrients. The Northern Plains are formed by the deposition of sediments from the Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra rivers, leading to extensive alluvial soil deposits.

A type of natural vegetation characterized by swampy areas and trees with stilt-like roots, adapted to waterlogged conditions.

Mangrove Vegetation is found in areas such as the Sundarbans, a delta region at the confluence of the Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers.

Tropical deciduous forests are known for their commercially valuable timber trees, making it a significant forest belt for India's economy.

Desert plants have long, deep roots to reach water sources deep underground, adapting to arid conditions with limited rainfall.

Forests are crucial for regulating climate, maintaining biodiversity, and providing essential resources like timber and oxygen.

A method of forest conservation where local communities are involved in managing and protecting forests, promoting sustainable practices.

Jhumming, a traditional agricultural practice in which land is cleared by burning trees, is a major cause of deforestation in some parts of India.

A method of forest conservation that involves planting two saplings for every tree felled, promoting reforestation and maintaining a balance.

Irrigation is essential in India to supplement rainfall, especially in areas with erratic rainfall or dry seasons, ensuring crop production and food security.

Inundation canals are channels that are filled with water during the monsoon season, while perennial canals are designed to provide a constant supply of water throughout the year.

Tube wells are commonly used in Punjab due to the availability of groundwater resources and the need for irrigation in the region.

The presence of a large amount of underground water and the flat terrain makes Punjab suitable for tube well irrigation.

Harvesting rainwater and storing it for use during dry periods, helping to replenish groundwater and conserve water resources.

Examples of water harvesting practices in India include khadin (in Rajasthan), tanks and ponds (in south India), and rooftop rainwater harvesting (in cities).

Biogas is a type of fuel generated from organic waste through anaerobic digestion. This process is feasible in rural India because of the availability of abundant agricultural and animal waste.

Biogas provides an alternative source of energy for cooking and lighting in rural areas, reducing dependence on firewood and fossil fuels, and also the waste from biogas production acts as a good fertilizer.

The Hirakud dam is built across the Mahanadi River, providing irrigation and flood control for the state of Odisha.

Odisha is one of the states that benefits from the Hirakud project, receiving irrigation water for agriculture.

Iron ore is used in the production of steel, a vital material for construction and infrastructure development.

Manganese, a mineral that strengthens steel and improves its hardness and resistance to corrosion.

Copper is found in states such as Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh, known for their mineral resources.

Solar energy harnesses the power of sunlight to generate electricity.

Solar energy is a renewable and clean source of energy, unlike fossil fuels, which release harmful greenhouse gases.

India has an abundance of sunshine, particularly in the tropical and subtropical regions, making it an ideal location for solar energy production.

One of the key agricultural reforms undertaken by the government is the introduction of subsidies for farmers, providing financial assistance to support their income and purchase of inputs.

The Rabi season is a winter cropping season (October-March), while the Kharif season is a monsoon cropping season (June-October).

Gujarat is the leading producer of groundnut in India, known for its suitable climate and farming practices.

Pulses need well-drained soils with good aeration, making Alluvial soil suitable for their cultivation.

Two popular varieties of pulses grown in India are: 1) Moong: A small, green lentil 2) Arhar: A large, red lentil.

Pulses are an important source of protein, essential for a balanced diet, and a staple food item in India.

Cotton is the crop that Rohan grows, as the term "ginning" refers to the separation of cotton fibers from seeds.

Cotton thrives in warm temperatures, abundant sunshine, and moderate rainfall, making regions with these conditions suitable for cotton cultivation.

Small-scale industries are typically small-sized with a limited workforce and output, often family-owned, while large-scale industries have large productions and employ a significant workforce.

The cotton textile industry provides employment to millions of people in India, contributing significantly to the country's GDP and exports, bolstering the economy.

Petrochemical industries are gaining popularity as they produce a wide range of products that cater to various needs.

Petrochemical industries are located near oil refineries to ensure a constant supply of crude oil as raw material, minimizing transportation costs and streamlining the production process.

Two petrochemical products are: 1) Plastics: Used in various applications, from packaging and consumer products to construction. 2) Synthetic fibers: Used in textiles and clothing.

The rise of sugarcane cultivation in peninsular India is due to the availability of suitable climatic conditions and soil suitable for growing sugarcane.

The demand for Indian silk products is declining in the international market due to increasing competition from synthetic fibers and cheaper alternatives.

The iron and steel industry plays a vital role in infrastructure development, construction, and manufacturing industries, making it a vital pillar of any country's economy and unlikely to decline in importance.

Waterways, while cost-effective for transporting heavy goods, can be slow due to water levels and weather conditions, and can be limited by geographical factors like river networks.

The Golden Quadrilateral, a network highways connecting major cities in India, has improved connectivity, facilitating faster transportation of goods and services, boosting trade and economic activities.

Narrow gauge railways are built with smaller tracks, suitable for traversing hilly terrains and mountainous regions.

The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) is responsible for maintaining the National Highways, ensuring their efficient functioning and development.

The National Waterways 1 (NW1) connects Prayagraj (Allahabad) to Haldia, a significant inland waterway in India enhancing transportation and trade.

Airports are being established in smaller towns to facilitate air travel and offer better connectivity, promoting tourism and business opportunities.

Railways are well developed in the northern states of India, where the terrain is relatively flat and population density is high, facilitating easy construction and transportation.

Helicopter services are essential during emergencies as they can navigate difficult terrain and reach remote areas quickly, providing crucial aid and rescue operations.

Waste generation pollutes surface water by contaminating rivers, lakes, and oceans with harmful chemicals and organic waste, degrading water quality and impacting aquatic life.

Waste disposal can alter landscapes and ecosystems, leading to land degradation, soil contamination, and habitat destruction.

Dumping waste involves simply depositing it in designated areas without proper treatment, often leading to soil and water contamination, air pollution, and aesthetic degradation of the landscape.

Recycling waste involves processing and treating it to recover valuable materials and reduce landfill volume, minimizing the impact on the environment and promoting sustainability.

Reducing waste in schools can be achieved by adopting practices like using reusable water bottles and lunch boxes, promoting composting of food waste, and implementing recycling programs for paper and plastic.

Domestic waste can be made useful through composting, converting organic waste into fertilizer for gardens and plants.

Landfills are designated areas where waste is disposed of and buried, often leading to environmental concerns like groundwater contamination and methane gas emissions.

Composting is a beneficial method of waste disposal because it converts organic waste into a valuable fertilizer, enriching the soil and reducing the amount of waste sent to landfills., Composting helps in reducing greenhouse gas emissions by breaking down organic matter and sequestering carbon.