Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a variable unintentionally built into the study design called?
What is a variable unintentionally built into the study design called?
- Extraneous variable
- Confounding variable (correct)
- Participant artifacts
- Experimenter artifacts
What effect occurs when researchers unconsciously treat participants differently based on their expectations?
What effect occurs when researchers unconsciously treat participants differently based on their expectations?
- Observer effects
- Demand characteristics
- Expectancy effects (correct)
- Evaluation apprehension
Which method aims to prevent participants from interpreting the study's purpose?
Which method aims to prevent participants from interpreting the study's purpose?
- Experiments involving deception
- Participant debriefing
- Camouflaging the hypothesis (correct)
- Informed consent
What is a characteristic of participants described as WEIRD?
What is a characteristic of participants described as WEIRD?
What type of board reviews study protocols to protect the rights and welfare of participants?
What type of board reviews study protocols to protect the rights and welfare of participants?
In the context of research ethics, what does the cost/benefit ratio evaluate?
In the context of research ethics, what does the cost/benefit ratio evaluate?
What is the purpose of using covert observation in research?
What is the purpose of using covert observation in research?
What term refers to the tendency of participants to alter their behavior due to fear of judgment?
What term refers to the tendency of participants to alter their behavior due to fear of judgment?
Which of the following is a recommended solution to avoid participant artifacts?
Which of the following is a recommended solution to avoid participant artifacts?
What historical event highlighted the need for stringent ethical guidelines in research?
What historical event highlighted the need for stringent ethical guidelines in research?
What does a correlation coefficient of +1 indicate?
What does a correlation coefficient of +1 indicate?
What is the primary purpose of random assignment in experiments?
What is the primary purpose of random assignment in experiments?
Which of the following describes the dependent variable in an experiment?
Which of the following describes the dependent variable in an experiment?
What is the basic dilemma of the social psychologist?
What is the basic dilemma of the social psychologist?
Which type of correlation indicates that as one variable increases, the other variable decreases?
Which type of correlation indicates that as one variable increases, the other variable decreases?
What is the role of psychological realism in experiments?
What is the role of psychological realism in experiments?
Field experiments are conducted in which setting?
Field experiments are conducted in which setting?
What does internal validity ensure in an experimental study?
What does internal validity ensure in an experimental study?
Which animal is noted for passing the Mirror Self-Recognition Test alongside humans?
Which animal is noted for passing the Mirror Self-Recognition Test alongside humans?
What condition describes the inability to recognize oneself in a mirror?
What condition describes the inability to recognize oneself in a mirror?
Which phenomenon occurs when a person denies ownership of a body part?
Which phenomenon occurs when a person denies ownership of a body part?
In the I-spy Experiment by Wegner and Wheatley, who actually moved the cursor?
In the I-spy Experiment by Wegner and Wheatley, who actually moved the cursor?
What does the phenomenon of 'choice blindness' refer to?
What does the phenomenon of 'choice blindness' refer to?
In the context of self-awareness layers, which group of animals showed failure in the mirror self-recognition test due to social isolation?
In the context of self-awareness layers, which group of animals showed failure in the mirror self-recognition test due to social isolation?
Which statement correctly relates thoughts to actions according to the provided concepts?
Which statement correctly relates thoughts to actions according to the provided concepts?
Which effect describes the experience of an artificial hand being perceived as a real body part?
Which effect describes the experience of an artificial hand being perceived as a real body part?
Which emotional expression might be interpreted differently across cultures?
Which emotional expression might be interpreted differently across cultures?
What aspect does the Central Theory emphasize?
What aspect does the Central Theory emphasize?
In the context of emotional expressions, what is a significant criticism of the basic emotion theory?
In the context of emotional expressions, what is a significant criticism of the basic emotion theory?
Which scenario highlights the context dependence of emotional expression?
Which scenario highlights the context dependence of emotional expression?
What percentage accuracy did tribesmen achieve when identifying faces from their own culture?
What percentage accuracy did tribesmen achieve when identifying faces from their own culture?
According to Ekman, which emotion is NOT considered one of the six basic emotions?
According to Ekman, which emotion is NOT considered one of the six basic emotions?
What is the primary function of cultural specificity in emotional expression?
What is the primary function of cultural specificity in emotional expression?
What is a key limitation of reading emotions solely from facial expressions?
What is a key limitation of reading emotions solely from facial expressions?
What effect does downward comparison typically have on self-esteem?
What effect does downward comparison typically have on self-esteem?
What does Basking in Reflected Glory (BIRG) refer to?
What does Basking in Reflected Glory (BIRG) refer to?
According to the Self-Evaluation Maintenance theory, which factor is crucial in determining how someone feels about another's success?
According to the Self-Evaluation Maintenance theory, which factor is crucial in determining how someone feels about another's success?
In the study by Lepper, Greene, & Nisbett, what was the result regarding intrinsic motivation?
In the study by Lepper, Greene, & Nisbett, what was the result regarding intrinsic motivation?
What impact does an unexpected extrinsic reward have on intrinsic motivation?
What impact does an unexpected extrinsic reward have on intrinsic motivation?
In the Taboo game experiment, how did the participants react to sharing clues based on the framing of the game?
In the Taboo game experiment, how did the participants react to sharing clues based on the framing of the game?
What is the main premise of the Overjustification Effect?
What is the main premise of the Overjustification Effect?
What key distinction is made regarding motivation in children playing with markers?
What key distinction is made regarding motivation in children playing with markers?
Study Notes
Study Design
- A variable unintentionally embedded in the study design can lead to misleading cause-and-effect conclusions.
- Experimenter Artifacts: Expectation effects occur when researchers unconsciously influence outcomes based on their hypotheses.
- Participant Artifacts:
- Evaluation Apprehension: Participants may alter their behavior due to the fear of being judged.
- Demand Characteristics: Participants may guess the study's purpose and alter their behavior based on those beliefs.
Solutions to Participant Artifacts
- Camouflage the hypothesis to reduce demand characteristics.
- Implement covert observation to capture natural behavior without the participants' knowledge, followed by thorough debriefing.
- Use implicit measures like reaction time and psychophysiological methods (e.g., fMRI, EMG).
WEIRD Populations
- The majority of research participants come from Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic backgrounds, limiting the generalizability of findings.
- Consider using more representative populations to improve study relevance.
Ethical Considerations in Research
- Nuremberg Trials and the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment highlighted the importance of ethical standards.
- Institutional Review Board (IRB): Reviews study protocols to ensure participant protection from physical and psychological harm, privacy risks, and unnecessary deception.
- Cost/Benefit Ratio: Assess the potential benefits of the study against its risks.
Correlation vs. Causation
- Correlation describes a relationship between two variables but does not imply that one causes the other.
Experimental Methodology
- Random assignment to different conditions helps determine causal relationships while controlling for extraneous variables.
- Independent Variable: The manipulated variable to observe effects on the dependent variable.
- Dependent Variable: Measured outcome expected to be influenced by the independent variable.
- Internal Validity: Ensures that only the independent variable affects the dependent variable.
- External Validity: Refers to how generalizable results are to other contexts and populations.
- Psychological Realism: Measures whether experimental psychological processes mirror those in real life.
- Field Experiments are conducted in natural settings rather than laboratories, enhancing ecological validity.
Identifying Self-Awareness
- Mirror Self-Recognition Test shows various species' ability to recognize themselves.
- Self-misidentification includes conditions like:
- Mirror Agnosia: Inability to recognize oneself due to brain damage.
- Somatoparaphrenia: Denial of ownership of body parts.
- Rubber Hand Illusion: Perception of an artificial limb as part of one's own body.
Internal Thoughts and Decisions
- Choice Blindness: Difficulty in recognizing when choices differ from initial intentions, impacting decision-making awareness.
Causation of Action
- I-spy Experiment demonstrates the illusion of conscious will, where participants believe they control an action that is in fact influenced by an experimenter.
Social Comparison
- Upward Comparison: Comparing oneself to someone superior can lower self-esteem.
- Downward Comparison: Comparing oneself to someone inferior can bolster self-esteem.
- Basking in Reflected Glory (BIRG): Individuals feel a sense of pride based on others' successes associated with them.
Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation
- Overjustification Effect: External rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation.
- Intrinsic motivation is heightened in the absence of expected rewards.
Basic Emotions and Critiques
- Six basic emotions identified by Ekman include emotions expressed universally across cultures.
- Criticism emphasizes that expressions of emotion can vary distinctly across cultural contexts.
Social Functions of Emotion
- Emoji use in social contexts can change the perception of normal emotional responses.
- Emotions are context-dependent, influenced by social interactions and environments.
Theories of Emotion
- James-Lange Theory: Proposes that physiological arousal precedes emotional experience.
- Cannon-Bard Theory: Argues that physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously but independently.
Context Dependence of Emotion
- Emotional interpretation can be affected by surrounding cues, indicating the importance of context in understanding emotions.
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Description
This quiz explores the impact of unintended variables in study design, particularly focusing on experimenter and participant artifacts. You'll learn about evaluation apprehension, demand characteristics, and solutions to minimize biases in research. Test your understanding of these critical concepts in psychological research.
