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Questions and Answers

Which artery is primarily associated with the posterior limb of the internal capsule?

  • Superior cerebellar artery
  • Ophthalmic artery
  • Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
  • Recurrent artery of Heubner (correct)

Which artery is implicated in the vascular supply to the medial geniculate nucleus?

  • Vertebral artery
  • Posterior communicating artery
  • Posterior cerebral artery (correct)
  • Anterior cerebral artery

Which condition corresponds with the involvement of the anterior limb of the internal capsule?

  • Glossopharyngeal neuralgia
  • Trigeminal neuralgia (correct)
  • CN III palsy
  • Horner’s syndrome

The blood supply to the posterior pituitary gland is mainly through which artery?

<p>Superior cerebellar artery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is least likely to be associated with the splenium of the corpus callosum?

<p>Anterior cerebral artery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery is incorrectly matched with its typical neuralgia condition?

<p>Superior cerebellar artery - Glossopharyngeal neuralgia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The dorsal nucleus is closely associated with which functions?

<p>Autonomic regulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is primarily associated with the pterygopalatine ganglion?

<p>CN V (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is primarily responsible for proprioceptive and fine touch sensations in the upper limb?

<p>Medial lemniscus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is commonly affected in conditions leading to wrist drop?

<p>Radial nerve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common result of median nerve injury at the wrist level?

<p>Loss of thumb opposition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions can result from compression of the radial nerve?

<p>Saturday night palsy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of sensory loss is typically observed in a median nerve injury?

<p>Loss of tactile sensation over the first three digits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles is affected by radial nerve dysfunction?

<p>Triceps brachii (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is characteristic of median nerve entrapment?

<p>Loss of grip strength (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is likely to cause damage to both the median and ulnar nerves at the elbow?

<p>Humeral shaft fracture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is primarily associated with the involuntary movement characteristic of hemiballismus?

<p>Contralateral subthalamic nucleus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What vascular abnormalities are linked with hemiballismus in approximately 25% of cases?

<p>Aneurysms or arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Disconnection lesions involving which nucleus results in hyperreflexia and increased extensor tone?

<p>Red nucleus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of hemiballismus that is commonly identified?

<p>Vascular issues, particularly in the PCA territory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tract may contribute to the flinging motion in hemiballismus due to its disruption?

<p>Rubrospinal tract (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the commonly noted characteristic sign of vascular issues in the cases of hemiballismus?

<p>Tau sign (flow void) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In hemiballismus, what is the typical result of lesions above the red nucleus?

<p>Extension in arms and flexion in legs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most significant factor inhibiting extensor action in the arms and legs?

<p>Cortical inhibition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Hemiballismus

  • Unilateral, involuntary, violent flinging of the limbs
  • Lesion in the contralateral subthalamic nucleus or its connections
  • Often due to vascular causes (PCA territory)
  • Can occur in Multiple Sclerosis
  • Often resolves spontaneously
  • Drug treatment ineffective

Factors Inhibiting Extensor Action

  • Cortical inhibition of lateral vestibular nucleus (vestibulospinal tract) and pontine reticular formation
  • Red nucleus projections to spinal cord (rubrospinal tract; possibly arms only)
  • Medullary reticular formation

Disconnection Lesions

  • Lesions involving the red nucleus result in loss of normal inhibition of extension and loss of cortical inhibition of extensor action of LVN and pontine RF.
  • This produces hyperreflexia and increased extensor tone (decerebrate rigidity)
  • Disconnection lesions above the red nucleus result in extension in legs, but flexion in arms (decorticate rigidity)

Posterior Communicating Artery (PCOMM)

  • Found between 0.1-0.6% of cerebral angiograms
  • Connects the cavernous ICA (just proximal to the meningohypophyseal trunk) to the basilar artery between superior cerebellar and anterior inferior cerebellar arteries
  • Persistence is usually associated with hypoplastic basilar and vertebral arteries proximal to the anastomosis, as well as a hypoplastic PCOMM.
  • Frequency explained by order of regression during embryogenesis: otic/acoustic artery first, followed by hypoglossal, and then trigeminal.
  • Vascular abnormalities (AVM, aneurysm) occur in 25%
  • Characterized by the tau sign (flow void) on sagittal MRI

Location of Structures

  • Posterior limb of the internal capsule: C
  • Medial and lateral geniculate nuclei: D
  • Anterior limb of the internal capsule and head of caudate: A
  • Posterior pituitary gland: E
  • Splenium of corpus callosum: F

Cerebral Veins

  • A: Superior sagittal sinus
  • B: Straight sinus
  • C: Transverse sinus
  • D: Sigmoid sinus
  • E: Internal jugular vein
  • F: Cavernous sinus
  • G: Inferior petrosal sinus
  • L: Left lateral ventricle
  • M: Right lateral ventricle
  • R: Right
  • Z: Left

Autonomic Nervous System

  • a. Erdinger-Westphal nucleus: Dorsal nucleus of vagus
  • b. Superior salivatory nucleus: Facial nerve
  • c. Inferior salivatory nucleus: Glossopharyngeal nerve
  • d. Dorsal nucleus: Vagus nerve
  • e. Ciliary ganglion: Oculomotor nerve
  • f. Pterygopalatine ganglion: Facial nerve
  • g. Otic ganglion: Glossopharyngeal nerve
  • h. Submandibular ganglion: Facial nerve
  • i. CNII: Optic nerve
  • j. CNV: Trigeminal nerve
  • k. Y: Unknown

Rostral Pons

  • A: Motor tract of trigeminal nerve
  • B: Spinal trigeminal tract
  • C: Trapezoid body
  • D: Middle cerebellar peduncle
  • E: Superior cerebellar peduncle
  • F: Inferior cerebellar peduncle
  • G: Facial nerve
  • H: Abducens nerve
  • I: Lateral lemniscus
  • J: Medial lemniscus
  • K: Medial longitudinal fasciculus
  • L: Fourth ventricle
  • M: Superior olive
  • N: Tegmentum
  • O: Pontine nuclei
  • P: Basilar artery
  • Q: Reticular formation
  • R: Trigeminal nerve
  • S: Brachium pontis

Additional Questions

  • 1. Glossopharyngeal neuralgia: C, g
  • 2. Trigeminal neuralgia: R
  • 3. Hemifacial spasm: G
  • 4. Horner’s syndrome: E
  • 5. CN III palsy: E
  • 1. Medial lemniscus: J
  • 2. Medial longitudinal fasciculus: K
  • 3. Trochlear nerve: N
  • 4. Central tegmental tract: Q
  • 5. Tectobulbospinal tract: N

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