Structures and Borders
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Questions and Answers

Match the structures to the border it is found in.

Cranial border = Diaphragm muscle Caudal border = Pelvic inlet Dorsal border = Vertebrae, sublumbar muscles, crura of diaphragm Ventral = Rectus abdominis muscle

The lateral side of the abdominal cavity has intrathoracic and extrathoracic borders. What resides in each?

Intrathoracic contains ribs, costal arch and intercostal mm.; and extrathoracic contains muscles of abdominal wall.

Match the correct blood supply found in each quadrant of the abdomen

Caudodorsal Quadrant = Deep circumflex iliac a (arises from aorta) Caudoventral Quadrant = Caudal epigastric a; caudal superficial epigastric a. Cranioventral Quadrant = Cranial epigastric an and cranial superficial epigastric a. Craniodorsal quadrant = Phrenicoabdominal a (caudal phrenic a and cranial abdominal a )

The internal thoracic artery gives off the _____________ artery

<p>Ventral intercostal artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

Near the attachment of the costal arch with the sternum, the internal thoracic artery terminates in the ___________ artery and the larger ___________ artery.

<p>Musculophrenic; cranial epigastric</p> Signup and view all the answers

What directly supplies blood to the mammae?

<p>The cranial and caudal superficial epigastric artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

The dorsal branches of spinal nerves T13-L4 supply innervation to the walls of the abdominal cavity.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the correct lumbar spinal nerves to correct “vertebrae”

<p>Costoabdominal n = T13 Ilioinguinal n. = L3 Caudal iliohypogastric n. = L2 Cranial iliohypogastric n. = L1</p> Signup and view all the answers

What abdominal muscle are the lumbar spinal nerves identifiable on?

<p>Transversus abdominis m.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The abdominal aorta has several paired arterial branches. List these pairs.

<p>The paired arterial branches include the lumbar aa., Phrenicoabdominal aa; Renal aa; Testicular/ovarian aa and the Deep circumflex aa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The peritoneum is a mesothelioma layer divided in to 3 regional components. What are these components?

<p>The regional components are the parietal, visceral and connecting peritoneum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the omentum?

<p>To attach the stomach to the dorsal body wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the greater omentum attach the stomach?

<p>To the greater curvature of the stomach to the dorsal body wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is enclosed by the mesoduodenum? (Select all that may apply)

<p>The pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the duodenocolic fold?

<p>To attach the duodenum to the mesocolon of the descending colon</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the root of the mesentery attached to?

<p>The abdominal wall opposite the second lumbar (L2) vertebra</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the remnants of the umbilical arteries?

<p>The round ligaments of the bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure attaches the liver to the duodenum?

<p>Hepatoduodenal ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is contained in the lesser omentum?

<p>Portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the remnant of the umbilical vein in the falciform ligament?

<p>Round ligament of the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the falciform ligament in obese specimens?

<p>Fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is attached to the liver between the left medial and quadrate lobes?

<p>Falciform ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the greater omentum?

<p>Epiploon</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the space enclosed by the leaves of the greater omentum?

<p>Omental bursa</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the connection between the omental bursa and the main peritoneal cavity?

<p>Epiploic foramen</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many leaves does the greater omentum have?

<p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the structure that encloses the omental bursa?

<p>Supports the abdominal organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the structures to correct border of epiploic foramen it belongs to.

<p>Ventrally = Portal Vein Dorsally = Vena Cava Caudalis Caudally = Hepatic artery Cranially = Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

The root of the mesentery is bunched around the origin of the _____________ a.

<p>The root of the mesentery is bunched around the origin of the cranial mesenteric artery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lesser omentum attaches to the ___________ of the stomach.

<p>The lesser omentum attaches to the lesser curvature of the stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not an Accessory organ of digestion?

<p>Stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary abdominal contents in the gastrointestinal tract? (Select all that apply)

<p>Small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT part of the large intestine?

<p>Ileum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the immune organ noted in the abdominal cavity?

<p>Spleen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are the endocrine organs noted in the abdominal cavity? (More than one may apply)

<p>Adrenal glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

The “wrinkles” and texture inside the stomach wall is called ….

<p>Rugae</p> Signup and view all the answers

The “blind ended pouch” is known as …

<p>Cecum</p> Signup and view all the answers

The “hole” connecting the cecum to the ascending colon is the ….

<p>Cecocolic orifice</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match to correct pair.

<p>Ruminants = Ileum enters the large intestine at the ileocecocolic junction Carnivores = Have ileocolic orifice and cecocolic orifice Equine = Have ileocecal orifice and cecocolic orifice N/A = N/A</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cecum is functioning in carnivores

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does food travel in the pylorus, respectively?

<p>Pyloric antrum; pyloric canal; pyloric sphincter</p> Signup and view all the answers

As the stomach fills, which organ(s) will be displaced?

<p>Spleen</p> Signup and view all the answers

What landmark can you use to locate the root of the mesentery?

<p>Transverse colon</p> Signup and view all the answers

What two ducts empty into the major duodenal papillae?

<p>The bile and pancreatic duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

What duct empties into the minor duodenal papillae?

<p>Accessory pancreatic duct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the artery to what it supplies.

<p>Root of mesentery = Cranial mesenteric artery Duodenum = Cranial/caudal pancreaticoduodenal aa. Jejunum = Jejunal aa. Ileum = Ileal aa, antimesenteric ileal artery, mesenteric ileal artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 unpaired arteries noted in the canine?

<p>Celiac, caudal and cranial mesenteric artery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Select the branch(es) that come off the Celiac artery.

<p>Splenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Veins satellite to paired arteries will drain into the hepatic portal vein, whereas veins that are satellite to unpaired arteries will drain into the caudal vena cava.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What four veins form the hepatic portal vein?

<p>The gastroduodenal vein, splenic vein, cranial mesenteric vein and the caudal mesenteric vein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ventral surface of the kidney only has peritoneum.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The testicular/ovarian arteries and veins are paired. The right ovarian/testicular vein drains into the _______________, the left ovarian/testicular vein drains into the ____________________.

<p>Caudal vena cava; left renal vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

The splanchnic nerves are mostly post-ganglionic.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Splanchnic nerves distribute _____________ ganglionic SNS axons to ____________ ganglia.

<p>Pre-ganglionic; pre-vertebral</p> Signup and view all the answers

Due to their close affiliation, the celiac ganglion and the cranial mesenteric ganglion are often “grouped together” and referenced as the ______________.

<p>Celiacomesenteric ganglion and plexus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ventral trunk supplies what organ(s)?

<p>Stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

The dorsal vagal trunk supplies the _________, including the _________ before giving a celiac branch that contributes to the formation of the Celiacomesenteric plexus

<p>Stomach; pylorus</p> Signup and view all the answers

The rumen lies more the right of the abdominal wall

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What divides the rumen of ruminants into various components?

<p>The rumen is divided by grooves on the serosal surface that correlate with internal pillars on the luminal surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The orientation and size of the abdominal viscera varies with _______ and __________

<p>Age;pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the internal pillars found within the rumen?

<p>The internal pillars support the structure of the rumen and help organize the contents for digestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary factors affecting the size of the papillae in the rumen?

<p>Diet and location in the rumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the contents of the rumen differ from the dorsal to the ventral region?

<p>They vary from gas to dense liquid</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a function of the papillae in the rumen?

<p>Absorption of nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the rumen is not accurate?

<p>The rumen contains only solid material</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect can influence the overall health of the rumen?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hardware disease or traumatic reticulitis is associated with what stomach compartment ?

<p>Reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stomach compartment in the rumen is immediately caudal to the diaphragm?

<p>Reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stomach compartment in the ruminant has a honeycomb appearance?

<p>Reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ____________ is an important regional landmark in cattle.

<p>paralumbar fossa</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does the internal abdominal oblique in cattle make a very clear line?

<p>Because unlike the dog, it doesn’t have an attachment to the thoracolumbar fascia; instead it attaches to the tuber coxae</p> Signup and view all the answers

The paralumbar fossa is formed by the …

<p>Transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match to the correct borders of the paralumbar fossa

<p>Base = Lumbar transverse processes Cranioventral border = Last rib Caudoventral border = Ridge formed by internal abdominal oblique. Free bee = Free bee</p> Signup and view all the answers

The internal aspect of the omasum is occupied by the _________ folds or __________ of varying length.

<p>Mucosal; laminae</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the abomasal folds (aka spiral folds) differ than the rugae in the dog?

<p>The abomasal folds are permanent structures. The structures don’t disappear when the stomach is full unlike the rugae in the dog.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What 3 parts make up the gastric groove?

<p>The three parts are the reticular groove, omasal groove and the abomasal groove.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the gastric groove?

<p>If an adult is thirsty, water can bypass rumen during dehydrated status; going directly to abomasum for faster absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

The tunica flava abdominis is found in horses and cattle.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What color tissue does the tunica flava abdmominis have?

<p>Yellow</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cardia sphincter in the horse is much weaker than the dog, allowing for more regurgitation to occur.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The fundus of the equine stomach is small and is often referred to as the 'blind sac'.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What separates the non-glandular mucosa from the glandular mucosa in the equine stomach?

<p>Margo plicatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

The equine stomach has a simple stomach divided by the __________ into non-glandular and glandular mucosa.

<p>Margo plicatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the parts of the equine stomach with their descriptions:

<p>Fundus = Large and referred to as 'blind sac' Margo plicatus = Divides non-glandular and glandular mucosa Glandular mucosa = Contains digestive glands Non-glandular mucosa = Does not contain digestive glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the large part of the equine stomach that is often called the 'blind sac'?

<p>Fundus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is often found near the Margo plicatus?

<p>Gastric ulcers and “bot fly” larvae</p> Signup and view all the answers

We can identify the ileum in the canine by the ileocecal fold, as this is absent in the horse. Instead, we can use the antimesenteric ileal artery to determine where the jejunum ends and the ileum begins.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary structures found in the large intestine of equines?

<p>Taeniae coli and haustra</p> Signup and view all the answers

Haustra are consistent in number throughout the entire equine large intestine.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the two main structures that are characteristic of the large intestine in equines.

<p>Taeniae coli and haustra</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _____ in the equine large intestine are pouches that assist in the fermentation process.

<p>haustra</p> Signup and view all the answers

The haustra in the equine are much more prominent in the DORSAL colon

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The equine large intestine possess bands (aka taeniae coli) which are not present in the small intestine.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match correct bovine lumbar nerves

<p>T13 = Costoabdominal n L1 = Iliohypogastric n L2/L3 = Ilioinguinal n L3/L4 = Lateral cutaneous femoral n</p> Signup and view all the answers

The triangular ligaments of the liver secure the liver to the ……?

<p>Crus of diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following supplies the transverse colon in the ruminant?

<p>Middle colic</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ventral sac of the rumen sits within the __________ in the ruminant abdomen.

<p>Omental bursa</p> Signup and view all the answers

The renal pelvis is typically filled with fat, whereas the renal sinus is filled with urine.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is not found in the supraomental recess? Select all that apply

<p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ascending colon in the equine has two arteries that supply the ventral and dorsal large colon. What supplies the ventral large colon vs the dorsal colon?

<p>The ventral colon is supplied by the colic branch of ileocolic artery, and the dorsal ventral colon is supplied by the right colic a.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The median and lateral cecal arteries supply the cecum of the equine

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the blood supply to the correct structures of the ascending colon in the bovine.

<p>Cecum = Cecal artery from the ileocolic a. Proximal loop and centripetal gyri = Colic branch of ileocolic a Distal loop and centrifugal gyri = R colic artery. Free bee = Free bee</p> Signup and view all the answers

Synapses occur in the ________________

<p>Caudal mesenteric ganglion and plexus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hypogastric nerves carry pre-ganglionic sympathetics to the pelvic plexus

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pelvic nerves from sacral spinal nerves supply which of the following?

<p>All the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match arteries to structure it supplies in ruminant stomach

<p>Rumen = Right ruminal artery ( branch of splenic) Omasum = Left gastric artery (comes from celiac artery) Abomasum = R/L gastric a and R/L gastroepiploic a Ascending colon (proximal loop, spiral colon and distal loop) = Right colic and colic branch of ileocolic a</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structures of the large colon in the equine are anchored?

<p>All the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

The visceral surface of the ruminant stomach is noted on the right side. You can see the omasum and abomasum. The parietal surface is on the left side; where the rumen fences the left body wall.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The supply to the large intestine has 2 arteries supplying each section of the colon

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Omentum

  • Attaches the stomach to the body wall or other organs
  • Greater omentum attaches the greater curvature of the stomach to the dorsal body wall
  • Extends caudally as the superficial leaf between the jejunum and the ventral abdominal wall
  • Turns dorsally on itself near the pelvic inlet and returns as the deep leaf dorsal to the stomach, containing the left lobe of the pancreas between its peritoneal layers

Mesoduodenum

  • Originates from the dorsal abdominal wall and root of the mesentery
  • Extends to the duodenum
  • Encloses the right lobe of the pancreas
  • Continuous with the mesentery of the jejunum (mesojejunum)

Mesentery

  • Attaches to the abdominal wall opposite the second lumbar (L2) vertebra by a short peritoneal attachment named the root of the mesentery
  • Continues with the mesocolon, connecting the colon to the dorsal body wall

Lateral Ligaments of the Urinary Bladder

  • Contain the remnants of the umbilical arteries, also known as round ligaments of the bladder
  • Also contain the distal part of the ureters

Falciform Ligament

  • A fold of peritoneum that extends from the umbilicus to the diaphragm
  • Attached to the liver, specifically between the left medial and quadrate lobes
  • Characterized by the presence of fat, especially in obese specimens
  • Contains the round ligament of the liver, a remnant of the umbilical vein, which is visible in young animals at the free border of the falciform ligament

Median Ligament of the Urinary Bladder

  • A fold of peritoneum located caudal to the umbilicus
  • In the fetus, it contains the urachus and umbilical arteries in its free border

Lesser Omentum

  • A fold of peritoneum that connects the lesser curvature of the stomach to the porta (vena) of the liver
  • Attaches the liver to the diaphragm and covers the papillary process of the liver
  • Also attaches the liver to the duodenum via the hepatoduodenal ligament
  • Contains the portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct

Omentum and Mesentery

  • Omentum attaches the stomach to the body wall or other organs
  • Greater omentum attaches the greater curvature of the stomach to the dorsal body wall, extending caudally as the superficial leaf between the jejunum and ventral abdominal wall
  • Greater omentum turns dorsally near the pelvic inlet, returning as the deep leaf dorsal to the stomach, containing the left lobe of the pancreas between its peritoneal layers

Mesoduodenum

  • Mesoduodenum originates from the dorsal abdominal wall and root of the mesentery
  • It extends to the duodenum and encloses the right lobe of the pancreas
  • It is continuous with the mesentery of the jejunum (mesojejunum)

Mesentery

  • Mesentery attaches to the abdominal wall opposite the second lumbar (L2) vertebra by a short peritoneal attachment named the root of the mesentery
  • It continues with the mesocolon, connecting the colon to the dorsal body wall

Ligaments of the Urinary Bladder

  • Lateral ligaments of the urinary bladder contain the remnants of the umbilical arteries, also known as round ligaments of the bladder and the distal part of the ureters
  • Median ligament of the urinary bladder is a fold of peritoneum caudal to the umbilicus, containing the urachus and umbilical arteries in the fetus

Falciform Ligament

  • Falciform ligament is a fold of peritoneum from the umbilicus to the diaphragm
  • It is also attached to the liver, between the left medial and quadrate lobes
  • Characteristics include fat, especially in obese specimens, and the round ligament of the liver (remnant of the umbilical vein) in young animals

Lesser Omentum

  • Lesser omentum attaches from the lesser curvature of the stomach to the porta (vena) of the liver
  • It attaches the liver to the diaphragm, covering the papillary process of the liver
  • It attaches the liver to the duodenum (hepatoduodenal ligament) and contains the portal vein, hepatic a., and bile duct

Omental Bursa

  • The greater omentum has superficial and deep leaves, enclosing a space called the omental bursa
  • It has an epiploic foramen opening into the main peritoneal cavity

Rumen Structure

  • The rumen is structured into various components, identified by grooves on its external surface that align with internal pillars affecting the luminal surface.

Omenta

  • Omentum: A significant extension of the mesogastrium connecting the stomach to the body wall or other organs.
  • Greater Omentum: Originates from the greater curvature of the stomach, extending to the dorsal body wall and running caudally as the superficial leaf; turns at the pelvic inlet to form the deep leaf containing the left lobe of the pancreas.

Mesoduodenum

  • Originates from the dorsal abdominal wall, extending to the duodenum.
  • Encases the right lobe of the pancreas and is linked to the jejunum via the mesojejunum.
  • The ascending duodenum connects to the mesocolon of the descending colon through the duodenocolic fold.

Mesentery

  • The mesojejunoileum attaches to the abdominal wall opposite the second lumbar vertebra, called the root of the mesentery.
  • Connects to the mesocolon, which links the colon to the dorsal body wall.

Urinary Bladder Ligaments

  • Lateral Ligaments: Contain remnants of umbilical arteries, known as round ligaments of the bladder, and portions of the ureters.
  • Median Ligament: A fold of peritoneum located caudal to the umbilicus, including the urachus and umbilical arteries in its free border in fetuses.

Falciform Ligament

  • A peritoneal fold extending from the umbilicus to the diaphragm, attaching to the liver between the left medial and quadrate lobes.
  • Contains fat deposits, particularly in obese specimens, and the round ligament of the liver, which is a remnant of the umbilical vein visible in young animals.

Lesser Omentum

  • Connects the lesser curvature of the stomach to the porta of the liver, supporting the liver and cardia of the stomach.
  • The liver is attached to the diaphragm and covers the papillary process.
  • Connects to the duodenum via the hepatoduodenal ligament, containing vital structures such as the portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct.

Greater Omentum Characteristics

  • Comprises two layers, superficial and deep, enclosing a space known as the omental bursa.
  • Features an epiploic foramen that serves as an opening into the main peritoneal cavity.

Rumen Structure and Function

  • The rumen of ruminants has distinct internal pillars that correspond with external grooves, creating various compartments.
  • The internal surface of the rumen features papillae, whose size varies based on the ruminant's diet and specific rumen location.
  • Rumen contents are stratified, with gas present dorsally and dense liquid found ventrally.

Omentum and Mesenteric Structures

  • Omentum: Acts as an extension of the mesogastrium, anchoring the stomach to surrounding structures.
  • Greater Omentum: Connects the greater curvature of the stomach to the dorsal body wall; extends caudally between the jejunum and the ventral abdominal wall.
  • The greater omentum has two leaves: the superficial leaf and the deep leaf, which wraps around the stomach and contains the left lobe of the pancreas.

Mesoduodenum and Associated Structures

  • Mesoduodenum: Originates from the dorsal abdominal wall and follows the duodenum; encloses the right lobe of the pancreas.
  • It integrates with the mesojejunum, linking the duodenum to the jejunum.
  • The ascending duodenum is attached to the descending colon's mesocolon via the duodenocolic fold.

Mesenteric Connections

  • Mesentery/Mesojejunoileum: Attaches to the abdominal wall near the second lumbar vertebra; continues to connect with the mesocolon.
  • It forms the primary support structure for the small intestine.

Urinary Bladder Ligaments

  • Lateral Ligaments of the Urinary Bladder: Contain remnants of umbilical arteries, forming the round ligaments of the bladder, along with the distal ureters.
  • Median Ligament of the Urinary Bladder: A peritoneal fold connecting to the umbilicus, containing the urachus and remnants of umbilical arteries in fetuses.

Falciform Ligament and Liver Connection

  • Falciform Ligament: A peritoneal fold extending from the umbilicus to the diaphragm, linking to the liver between its left medial and quadrate lobes.
  • Contains fat deposits, especially in obese specimens, along with the round ligament of the liver, a remnant of the umbilical vein visible in younger animals.

Hepatic Attachments

  • The liver, alongside the cardia of the stomach, is attached to the diaphragm and envelopes the papillary process.
  • Connection between the liver and duodenum is formed by the hepatoduodenal ligament, which contains the portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct.

Omental Bursa

  • The greater omentum, or epiploon, consists of superficial and deep leaves that enclose a space known as the omental bursa.
  • It includes an epiploic foramen, which opens into the main peritoneal cavity.

Equine Stomach Anatomy

  • The equine stomach features a simple structure comprising two types of mucosa: non-glandular and glandular.
  • The Margo plicatus acts as a critical boundary between the non-glandular and glandular mucosa.
  • The fundus, recognized as the "blind sac," is a substantially sized section of the horse's stomach.
  • The non-glandular area is mainly responsible for storage, while the glandular mucosa is involved in digestive secretions.

Rumen Structure

  • Rumen consists of multiple components, separated by grooves on the serosal surface, correlating with internal pillars.
  • The internal lining is covered with papillae, varying in size depending on diet and rumen location.
  • Contents of the rumen are stratified: gas is present dorsally, dense liquid occupies the ventral region.

Equine Stomach Anatomy

  • The equine stomach features a simple structure with non-glandular mucosa (fundus) and glandular mucosa, separated by the Margo plicatus.
  • Fundus, referred to as the "blind sac," represents a large area of the stomach.

Large Intestine of Horses

  • Contains taeniae coli (bands) and haustra (pouches); both structures show variability among different regions.

Omentum and Mesenteries

  • Omentum (extended mesogastrium) connects the stomach to the body wall and surrounding organs:

    • Greater omentum attaches the greater curvature of the stomach to the dorsal body wall, extends caudally, and surrounds the jejunum and ventral abdominal wall.
    • Changes direction near the pelvic inlet, returning as the deep leaf dorsal to the stomach, enclosing the left lobe of the pancreas.

  • Mesoduodenum extends from the dorsal abdominal wall to the duodenum, enclosing the right lobe of the pancreas and merging into the mesojejunum (mesentery for the jejunum).

  • The ascending duodenum connects to the mesocolon of the descending colon via the duodenocolic fold.

Mesentery Structure

  • Mesojejunoileum connects the abdominal wall, opposite the second lumbar vertebra, to the jejunum.
  • Continues with the mesocolon, linking the colon to the dorsal body wall.

Urinary Bladder and Ligaments

  • Lateral ligaments of the urinary bladder contain remnants of the umbilical arteries, now round ligaments and the distal ureters.
  • Falciform ligament extends from the umbilicus to the diaphragm and liver, often marked by fat and includes the round ligament of the liver (umbilical vein remnant).

Median Ligament and Liver Connections

  • Median ligament of the urinary bladder is a peritoneal fold caudal to the umbilicus, containing the urachus and umbilical arteries in fetal development.
  • Lesser omentum connects the lesser curvature of the stomach to the porta of the liver, incorporating important vessels like the portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct.

Greater Omentum Details

  • The greater omentum features superficial and deep leaves, enclosing the omental bursa with an epiploic foramen that opens into the main peritoneal cavity.

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