Structure Modification in Medicinal Chemistry Quizzes

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Which class of drugs primarily affects glucose homeostasis and possesses anti-inflammatory activity?

NSAIDS

Biologics/DMARDS

Glucocorticoids (correct)

Mineralocorticoids

What are the two types of corticosteroids produced in the adrenal cortex?

Mineralocorticoids and NSAIDS

Glucocorticoids and Biologics/DMARDS

NSAIDS and Glucocorticoids

Glucocorticoids and Mineralocorticoids (correct)

What type of ring system is the steroid nucleus?

Hexacyclic ring system

Pentacyclic ring system

Heptacyclic ring system

Tetracyclic ring system (correct)

Which group of agents are called pregnanes due to their structure?

Glucocorticoids Signup and view all the answers

In inflammatory diseases, which class of drugs is specifically known for their disease-modifying properties?

Biologics/DMARDS Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of glucocorticoids on phospholipids in the cell membrane?

Prevent the release of arachidonic acid Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of lipocortin in the mechanism of action of glucocorticoids?

Inhibit phospholipase A2 Signup and view all the answers

Where do glucocorticoids bind to exert their anti-inflammatory effects?

Cytoplasmic receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of glucocorticoids on T- and B-lymphocytes production?

Inhibition Signup and view all the answers

Which classification of receptors do glucocorticoids bind to for their anti-inflammatory activity?

Hormone nuclear receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of glucocorticoids in the management and treatment of inflammation?

Inhibiting pro-inflammatory agents that result in symptoms Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of inflammation?

Swelling, redness, and pain in surrounding tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids?

Glucocorticoids regulate blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential consideration when modifying the structure of glucocorticoids for different routes of administration?

Maintaining similar potency across routes Signup and view all the answers

How do NSAIDs primarily target inflammation?

By interfering with the action of enzymes involved in inflammation Signup and view all the answers

How can glucocorticoids be altered to increase lipophilicity for reducing systemic absorption and side effects?

Esterify hydroxyl groups Signup and view all the answers

Which modification results in prodrugs that require activation by hydrolysis to free the C-21 hydroxyl for bonding?

Esterification of C-21 hydroxyl Signup and view all the answers

To design agents with minimal mineralocorticoid activity and maximal anti-inflammatory activity, what should be done?

Minimize anti-inflammatory activity Signup and view all the answers

In glucocorticoids, which esterification is hindered by the presence of methyls at C-10 and C-13?

C-11 hydroxyl Signup and view all the answers

Which hydroxyl group in steroids is the most easily accessible and easiest to esterify for structural modification?

C-21 hydroxyl Signup and view all the answers

What structural modification increases glucocorticoid action and eliminates mineralocorticoid action?

16a-methyl group Signup and view all the answers

Why is prednisone considered a prodrug of prednisolone?

Unprotected C-21 hydroxyl Signup and view all the answers

Which modification is responsible for improving glucocorticoid action by increasing lipophilicity?

16b-methyl group Signup and view all the answers

Inhaled lipophilic prodrugs are commonly used in which type of therapy?

Glucocorticoid therapy Signup and view all the answers

Which structural feature of Solu-Medrol makes it water-soluble?

C-21 sodium succinate ester Signup and view all the answers

What structural modification can be made to steroids to prolong their activity by slowing C-17 oxidation?

Esterification of the C-17 hydroxyl group Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ester is commonly used to increase solubility of steroids, making them water-soluble prodrugs for intramuscular or intravenous administration?

Hydrophilic esters Signup and view all the answers

In systemic glucocorticoid therapy, which hydroxyl groups play a significant role in drug effectiveness?

C-11 and C-17 hydroxyls Signup and view all the answers

Which structural feature in a derivative of hydrocortisone makes it about 3-4 times more potent in glucocorticoid therapy?

Presence of a double bond at C-3 to C-4 Signup and view all the answers

What modification can be made to steroids to alter their delivery routes, such as topical, IM, or IV administration?

Esterification Signup and view all the answers

Which type of steroids are generally used topically if treatment is long-term?

Low potency steroids Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal quality for glucocorticoids used in intranasal/inhalation delivery regarding systemic absorption?

Low logP Signup and view all the answers

Which organ primarily metabolizes glucocorticoids used for systemic delivery?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

What can high logP values indicate for highly potent steroids?

Increased risk of systemic side effects Signup and view all the answers

Which type of steroids are safely used for short-term treatment?

High potency steroids Signup and view all the answers

What is the common route of elimination for glucocorticoids used systemically?

Conversion to glucuronides in the liver Signup and view all the answers

How does high logP benefit intranasal/inhalation delivery of glucocorticoids?

Limits oral absorption Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic makes glucocorticoids advantageous in limiting oral absorption during intranasal/inhalation delivery?

Metabolic instability Signup and view all the answers

What are the common side effects associated with long-term therapy of systemic glucocorticoids?

Glaucoma, cataracts Signup and view all the answers

What should be avoided when using highly potent steroids with high logP values?

Long-term use in high doses Signup and view all the answers

Which factor heavily influences the clinical effectiveness of adrenocorticoids?

Steroidal core configurations Signup and view all the answers

What type of enzymatic reactions are involved in the biotransformation of synthetic adrenocorticoids?

Oxidations, reductions, and hydrolysis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key aspect discussed in adrenocorticoid medicinal chemistry?

Steroidogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What influences the varying potencies, selectivities, and pharmacodynamics properties of synthetic adrenocorticoids?

Differences in molecular structures Signup and view all the answers

Which process results in the formation of both active and inactive metabolic products of synthetic adrenocorticoids?

Biotransformation Signup and view all the answers

What impacts the tissue distribution of synthetic adrenocorticoids?

Steroidal core configurations Signup and view all the answers

What plays a crucial role in making some analogs of adrenocorticoids more desirable clinically?

Alterations in molecular structures Signup and view all the answers

Where do synthetic adrenocorticoids primarily undergo biotransformation?

Mainly in liver cells Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily determines how much of a drug reaches systemic circulation following administration?

Solubility Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of overstimulation of non-target tissues by adrenocorticoids?

Increased susceptibility to infection Signup and view all the answers

How do chemical modifications impact the pharmacokinetics of synthetic adrenocorticoids?

They increase bioavailability Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for designing formulations to enhance solubility, permeability, and lipophilicity in adrenocorticoids?

To optimize therapeutic efficacy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a side effect commonly associated with adrenocorticoids?

Increased blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to be aware of potential side effects when using adrenocorticoids in treatment?

To guide appropriate dosing strategies Signup and view all the answers

What role does understanding structure-activity relationships play in designing adrenocorticoid derivatives?

Optimizing therapeutic indices Signup and view all the answers

Which structural component of adrenocorticoids is most responsible for their biological activity?

Steroid ring B Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptors do glucocorticoids primarily exert anti-inflammatory effects on?

Glucocorticoid receptors (GR) Signup and view all the answers

Replacing one methyl group in cortisol leads to the formation of which compound known for its strong mineralocorticoid receptor affinity?

Aldosterone Signup and view all the answers

Which modification can result in drugs possessing unique pharmacologic profiles in adrenocorticoids?

Modifying specific functional groups Signup and view all the answers

Which receptor type is targeted by mineralocorticoids like fludrocortisone?

Mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ring A through D in the structure of adrenocorticoids?

Contributing to receptor affinity Signup and view all the answers

What role does reduction play in adrenocorticoid metabolism?

It produces less active forms of adrenocorticoids in the liver Signup and view all the answers

Which approach involves predicting interactions of novel molecules with target proteins in drug design?

Structure-based drug design Signup and view all the answers

Why is understanding the metabolic profile of adrenocorticoid compounds important?

To tailor individualized treatment plans Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of fragment-based drug design in adrenocorticoid drug discovery?

Combining low-affinity ligands to create high-potency molecules Signup and view all the answers

What role do oxidation reactions play in adrenocorticoid metabolism?

Produce water-soluble products for excretion in urine Signup and view all the answers

Which approach utilizes machine learning algorithms to screen small molecule libraries for potential drug candidates?

Computational methods Signup and view all the answers