59 Questions
What is the main function of the tracheal cartilage?
Prevents collapse
Which structure in the trachea is responsible for narrowing the airway?
Smooth muscle (trachealis)
What is the role of goblet cells in the trachea?
Trap foreign matter with mucus
Which component of the trachea assists in the removal of debris?
Mucous membrane with cilia
What is the main function of the muscle within the trachea?
Assist in coughing
What separates the two lungs in the thoracic cavity?
Mediastinum
Which structure lines the pleural cavities?
Parietal pleura
How many lobes does the left lung consist of?
2
Which lung structure is separated into bronchopulmonary segments?
Right lung
What is the function of the visceral pleura?
Cover the outer surface of the lungs
What is the main difference between bronchioles and terminal bronchioles?
Greater amount of smooth muscle in terminal bronchioles
How does the amount of cartilage present in primary bronchi compare to that in segmental bronchi?
Primary bronchi have more cartilage
What is the role of smooth muscle in the tracheobronchial tree?
Providing structural support
How many generations of branching are capable of changing diameter in the tracheobronchial tree?
16
What distinguishes primary bronchi from terminal bronchioles in terms of structure?
The presence of ciliated epithelium in primary bronchi
What is the average diameter of alveoli?
250µm
Which part of the tracheobronchial tree has the highest number of alveoli?
Alveolar sacs
What is the main distinguishing feature between respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts?
Presence of smooth muscle
Which structure in the tracheobronchial tree is responsible for removing debris?
Macrophages
How many generations of branching occur from terminal bronchioles to alveolar sacs?
Four
What is the primary function of the respiratory membrane in the lung?
To facilitate gas diffusion during respiration
Which component of the respiratory membrane contributes the most to the barrier for gas diffusion?
Alveolar epithelium
What role does the interstitial space play in the respiratory membrane?
To provide a pathway for gas diffusion between alveoli and capillaries
Which structure in the respiratory membrane is directly involved in nutrient exchange within the lung?
Capillary endothelium basement membrane
How does the thinness of the respiratory membrane benefit gas exchange in the lung?
It allows for a faster rate of gas diffusion
Qual es le effecto del contraction del diafragma durante le ventilation?
Descende le diafragma.
Qual es le effecto del contraction del musculos intercostal extern in le ventilation?
Eleva le sternon.
Qual es le function de tote musculos mentionate in le text in relation al ventilation?
Promover le influxo de aere al pulmones.
Quid succede al musculos abdominal durante le inspiration?
Relaxa.
Quid resulta del expansion del cavitate thoracic durant le inspiration?
Influxo de aere al pulmones.
What happens to the abdominal muscles during expiration?
They contract
In forced expiration, which muscles are primarily involved?
Internal intercostals
What is the role of external intercostals during quiet breathing?
Relax to facilitate expiration
Which muscle relaxes during quiet breathing?
Diaphragm
How does contraction of thoracic cavity contribute to the breathing process?
Expels air from the lungs
What is the total lung capacity, including all volumes and capacities mentioned in the text?
5800mL
Which lung volume represents the air in the respiratory system that cannot be exhaled forcibly?
Residual volume
What is the term for the sum of inspiratory reserve volume and tidal volume?
Inspiratory capacity
Which lung capacity represents the maximum amount of air a person can exhale after a maximum inhalation?
Vital capacity
What lung volume represents the air that can be maximally inhaled after a normal inhalation?
Inspiratory reserve volume
What is the sum of Inspiratory reserve volume and Tidal volume?
3500mL
Which lung capacity represents the total amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation?
Vital capacity
What is the difference between Functional reserve capacity and Vital capacity?
Functional reserve capacity includes Residual volume
Which lung volume represents the air that remains in the respiratory system even after the most forceful exhalation?
Residual volume
What is the main effect of vagal innervation on bronchi/bronchioles?
Promotes bronchoconstriction
During exercise, what stimulates bronchodilation in the bronchi/bronchioles?
Circulating Epinephrine
What is the function of catecholamines released during exercise on the bronchi/bronchioles?
Stimulating bronchodilation
How does vagal innervation affect bronchi/bronchioles when foreign matter is inhaled?
Promotes bronchoconstriction
What is the primary role of circulating Epinephrine on smooth muscle in the bronchi/bronchioles?
Promoting relaxation
What is the role of the Pontine Respiratory Group?
Fine tunes breathing pattern and communicates with the Medullary Respiratory Center
What is the main function of the Medullary Respiratory Center?
Controls the frequency and depth of ventilation
How does the Rhythmic Ventilation respond to external factors?
Responds to blood gas, pH, and muscular movements
What happens when the Ventral Respiratory Group receives input from other brain centers?
Fine tunes breathing pattern
What is the primary function of the Dorsal Respiratory Group within the Medullary Respiratory Center?
Controls the frequency and depth of ventilation
What is the primary function of the chemosensitive area in the medulla oblongata?
Detecting hyper/hypo-capnia via changes in CO2
Which receptors are activated when there is a decrease in pH, an increase in CO2, and a decrease in O2?
Carotid and Aortic Chemoreceptors
What can change PCO2 resulting in altered ventilation rate?
Cerebral input
Which area responds more quickly to changes in pH?
Carotid and Aortic Chemoreceptors
How is hypercapnia defined?
Increased CO2 in blood
Test your knowledge on the structure and function of the trachea, including its smooth muscle, C-shaped cartilage, mucous membrane, and protective mechanisms. Learn how cartilage prevents collapse, muscle assists in coughing, goblet cell mucus traps foreign matter, and cilia remove debris.
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