Structure and Function of the Heart
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Questions and Answers

Which part of the heart acts as the normal pacemaker, generating impulses 60-100 times per minute?

  • Bundle of His
  • Purkinje fibers
  • SA node (correct)
  • AV bundle

What is the function of the fibrous skeleton of the heart?

  • Assists in fluid exchange
  • Electrically insulates the ventricles from the atria (correct)
  • Aids in impulse transmission
  • Conducts action potentials

What constitutes the majority of the heart's muscle cells?

  • Capillaries
  • Arteries
  • Contractile cells (correct)
  • Autorhythmic cells

Where does blood pass from the arterial to the venous system?

<p>Capillaries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the heart allows time for atrial filling before ventricular contraction by slowing impulse conduction?

<p>(AV node) atrioventricular node (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the structure of the heart?

<p>The heart is divided into four chambers: the right and left atria, and the right and left ventricles, separated by the interatrial and interventricular septa. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the right heart pump (right atrium + right ventricle)?

<p>To receive deoxygenated blood from the tissues and pump it into the pulmonary circulation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the function of heart valves?

<p>Heart valves open and close passively due to pressure differences, causing unidirectional blood flow. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the arrangement of blood vessels in the cardiovascular system?

<p>Arteries carry blood from the heart to the tissues, while veins return blood from the tissues to the atria. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the left heart pump (left atrium + left ventricle)?

<p>To receive oxygenated blood from the pulmonary circulation and pump it to the rest of the body. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is the difference between arteries and veins?

Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body, while veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

What are capillaries and what is their function?

Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that connect arteries and veins, allowing for the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between the blood and tissues.

What is the fibrous skeleton of the heart and what is its function?

The fibrous skeleton of the heart is a layer of tough connective tissue that separates the atria from the ventricles, preventing electrical signals from passing directly between them.

What are contractile cells and what do they do?

Contractile cells are the primary muscle cells of the heart, responsible for generating the force of contraction.

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What are autorhythmic cells and what do they do?

Autorhythmic cells, also known as pacemaker cells, are specialized cells that initiate and conduct electrical impulses throughout the heart, causing it to beat.

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What is the SA node and what is its function?

The SA node is the natural pacemaker of the heart, generating electrical impulses that trigger the heart's contractions.

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What is the AV node and what is its function?

The AV node acts as a gatekeeper, delaying the electrical impulse slightly to allow the atria to finish filling the ventricles with blood before they contract.

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What is the AV bundle and what does it do?

The AV bundle, also called the Bundle of His, transmits electrical impulses from the AV node to the ventricles.

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What are Purkinje fibers and what is their function?

Purkinje fibers are specialized fibers that rapidly conduct the electrical impulse throughout the ventricular myocardium, causing the ventricles to contract.

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Explain the functional organization of the heart.

The heart is a four-chambered organ responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body, pumps it to the right ventricle, which then sends it to the lungs to be oxygenated. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs, pumps it to the left ventricle, which then sends it to the body.

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Study Notes

Blood Vessels and Heart Structure

  • Arteries carry blood away from the ventricles to the tissues.
  • Veins return blood from the tissues to the atria.
  • Capillaries are where exchanges of fluid, nutrients, and wastes between the blood and tissues occur.

Fibrous Skeleton of the Heart

  • The fibrous skeleton of the heart is a layer of dense connective tissue between the atria and ventricles.
  • It electrically insulates the ventricles from the atria.

Types of Muscle Cells in the Heart

  • Contractile cells (99%) make up the atrial and ventricular tissues and stimulate contraction.
  • Autorhythmic cells (1%) initiate and conduct action potentials responsible for contraction of the contractile cells.

Conduction System of the Heart

  • The conduction system of the heart is made up of autorhythmic cells.
  • It includes the SA node, AV node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers.
  • The SA node is the normal pacemaker of the heart, generating an impulse between 60 and 100 times per minute.
  • The AV node slows impulse conduction between the atria and ventricles, allowing time for the atria to fill the ventricles with blood.
  • The AV bundle receives impulses from the AV node and transmits them to the right and left bundle branches.
  • Purkinje fibers transmit impulses to the rest of the ventricular myocardium, bringing about ventricular contraction.

Structure of the Heart

  • The heart is a muscular organ divided into four chambers: right and left atria, and right and left ventricles.
  • The atria are separated by the interatrial septum, and the ventricles are separated by the interventricular septum.

Functional Organization of the Heart

  • The primary function of the heart is to pump blood through the pulmonary and systemic circulations.
  • The heart consists of two pumps: the right heart pump and the left heart pump.
  • The right heart pump receives deoxygenated blood from the tissues and pumps it into the pulmonary circulation.
  • The left heart pump receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary circulation and pumps it to the rest of the body.

Heart Valves

  • The presence of four one-way heart valves causes unidirectional flow of blood through the heart.
  • The valves open and close passively due to pressure differences.
  • There are two types of heart valves: atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar valves.

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Learn about the structure of the heart, including its four chambers and functional organization. Understand how the heart pumps blood through the body and the role of different heart chambers.

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