Structure and Composition of the Universe

Study Notes

Universe consists of 4.6% baryonic matter (protons and neutrons).
Dark matter accounts for 24%, detected through gravitational effects, but does not emit light.
Dark energy composes 71.4% of the universe, linked to the accelerating expansion of the universe and hypothesized as a source of anti-gravity.

Ancient Egypt: Ptah, the creator-god, conjured the universe by articulating imagined realities.
Kuba People (Central Africa): Mbob, a giant god, created the universe spontaneously, vomiting celestial bodies to form the sun, stars, and moons.
India:
- Brahma created the universe from his image.
- Vishnu is known as the preserver, while Shiva is believed to destroy the universe for recreation.
Philippines: Manguayan (Sea God), Lidagat (Sea Goddess), Kaptan (Sky God), and Lihangin (Wind God) were revered in creation beliefs.

Oscillating Theory: Proposed by Alexander Alexandrovich Friedman, posits that the universe undergoes indefinite cycles of big bang and big crunch events.
Steady State Theory: Introduced by Hermann Bondi, Thomas Gold, and Fred Hoyle, suggests a uniform universe that changes but remains unchanging over time, contradicting the Law of Conservation of Matter.

Formulated by George Lemaitre in the 1920s, suggests the universe originated from a singular primordial atom 13.8 billion years ago, expanding and cooling after a monumental explosion.
Recognized for the formation of the building blocks of matter during its expansion.

Edwin Hubble: Discovered galaxy redshifts, indicating galaxies are receding from Earth, supporting the expansion theory.
Hubble’s Law: Describes the correlation between galaxy distance and their redshift pattern.
Cosmic Background Radiation:
- Detected by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson; interpreted as remnants of the Big Bang.
- Robert Dicke contributed to the understanding of CBR as a signal of the universe's early state, receiving a Nobel Prize for his contributions.