Ch 22 pg 548-552

1. Structural weakness due to ___ in design, ____ workmanship and ___ or improper _____. This falls under items among the most common for the cause of structural collapse on the fireground

Professor Frank brannigan put it, “one of the greatest dangers signs to a firefighter is a __ __ ______ parked in front of the building

Get the code enforcement people involved if the work is being done without a ____. A building ____ usually ensures that and _____ or structural ____ has atleast reviewed the design for any obvious weakness

2 fire damage to ____ structural members. Second item for causes of structural collapse

Wooden structural elements burn through at a rate of about _ in for every __ minutes of open burning time. If fire can attack two sides of a joist, for ex a standard (2x8) joist will burn completely through in less than __ minutes and will have lost its load bearing capacity before that

3. The heating of _____ steel. Lightweight ____ ____ joist can lose their strength in as little as -_ minutes of fire exposure. Pg 549

If these columns (___ columns) reach ____ degrees they should be expected to fail, bringing down the entire upper floors and walls. Steel structural elements are always serious risk unless protected by fireproof coatings or _____. Pg 549

4. The failure of highly heated - columns or ____. Pg 550

Cast iron is very ____ material that has great _____ strength but almost no ____ strength. Thus it’s unsuitable for use as ____, but it was once a favorite material for ____ and prefabricated walls

Its ability to be readily ___ into a ___ and then bolted together in sections made it the first material to be used for _____ buildings, such as the ____ buildings built in the late 1800s

Frank brannigan theorized that flaws in the castings have resulted in many columns being much ____ on one side that the other. Unequal rates of ____ due to the rise in temperature, therefore could result in ____ in the column

5. Explosions of ___, ____ or from backdraft

As little as _ psi exerted laterally on a ___ wall can topple it like a house of cards. Any location where ____ or ____ are stored demands the tactics be shifted away from the offensive to take up cautious, defensive positions

6. Overloading the floor and ____ of ____ materials. Such materials as rolled ____, baled ___ and baled ___ are a few examples

There are two effects that threaten to cause collapse with absorbent materials. 1 is the weight that can be absorbed: many bales weigh more than ___lb dry and can absorb their __ weight or more in water. 2 they tend to ___ up and can push out ___ and knock ___ out of plumb

7. Overloading the floors and ___. Ex plumbing supply store with boxes and boxes of ___ ___ fittings as well as pipe and fixtures present a extremely heavy load

Accumulated ___ is also problematic in many areas. Many times however the biggest offender at fire operations is the runoff from hose streams. A ____ gpm master stream adds approximately ____ lb to the building each ____

An accumulation of water _ ft deep over an area __ ft wide by __ ft long represents nearly _____ lb added to the load

8. Cutting or removing ____ members during _____. We must avoid removing any structural components unless they are obviously not supporting any weight other than their own.

9. _____ and ____ load. Although you might be able to walk gently across an area that is damaged you must avoid ___ onto it or causing any other type of impact load

Be careful of how close to a building the ___ ____ operates. On occasion, they have been know to knock down ____ and ___ by bumping into them. Falls under 9 vibration and impact load

Use a ____ saw rather than a __ or ____ saw. Shut down all sources of _____. Falls under 9 vibration and impact

10. _____ causes. High winds, ____ due to storms, and damage to ___ ____ can cause collapse under some circumstances. Other times high ____ hose streams can knock structural supports out of place entirely or simply displace them enough to allow some other force

Then of course there is old age. Few buildings are made to last more than ___ years. Falls under 10 miscellaneous causes of collapse

Structural Weakness

40-Yard Dumpster

Building Permit

Fire-Damaged Wood

Wood Burn Rate

Unprotected Steel

Lally Columns

Cast Iron Columns

Cast Iron Properties

Brick Wall Stability

Explosives

Absorbent Materials Overload

Absorbent Material Swelling

Cast Iron Fittings

Accumulated Water

Master Stream Weight

Cutting Structural Members

Impact Load

Elevating Platform

Circular Saw

High Winds or Flooding

Hose Stream Impact

Building Lifespan

Old Age