Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) Definition
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Questions and Answers

What is a potential cause of hypertensive hemorrhage?

  • Vascular malformation (correct)
  • Amyloid angiopathy (correct)
  • Hemorrhagic blood disease (correct)
  • All of the above

    • What is amyloid angiopathy associated with?

  • Hypertensive hemorrhage (correct)
  • Vascular malformation
  • Lab results
  • Hemorrhagic blood disease

    • What is a possible location for identifying hypertensive hemorrhage?

  • Vascular system
  • Blood tests
  • Brain scans
  • Lab results (correct)

    • What is a complication of hypertensive hemorrhage?

    <p>Brain damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a risk factor for hypertensive hemorrhage?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a symptom of increased ICT?

    <p>Blurred vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is surrounded by the meninges?

    <p>Brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the subarachnoid space located?

    <p>Between the meninges and brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the optic nerve connected to?

    <p>The retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of vomiting with increased ICT?

    <p>Brain herniation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the condition where blood collects between the dura and the brain?

    <p>Subdural hematoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the condition where blood enters the ventricles of the brain?

    <p>Intraventricular hematoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the condition where blood collects between the arachnoid and pia mater?

    <p>Subarachnoid hemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of Subarachnoid hemorrhage?

    <p>Aneurysm rupture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a dilatation of an arterial wall?

    <p>Aneurysm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an abnormal connection between an artery and a vein?

    <p>Fistula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a stroke?

    <p>Rapidly developing clinical symptoms or signs of focal or global loss of cerebral function lasting more than 24 hours.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a stroke and a TIA?

    <p>A stroke lasts for more than 24 hours, while a TIA lasts for less than 24 hours.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most important thing to do when dealing with a patient who has had a TIA?

    <p>Provide immediate treatment to prevent a stroke.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended way to recognize a stroke?

    <p>Use the FAST method: Face, Arm, Speech, and Time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of cardiac output goes to the brain?

    <p>15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the anterior circulation?

    <p>Supply blood to the front of the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the area around the infarct area that is at risk of infarction?

    <p>Penumbra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of revascularization in stroke treatment?

    <p>To increase blood flow to the affected area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the reduction of blood flow to the brain?

    <p>Oligemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of total inspired oxygen that the brain uses?

    <p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the indication for CT angiography?

    <p>Vascular malformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age range for hypertensive hemorrhage?

    <p>Above 40 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for bleeding in the space surrounding the brain?

    <p>Subarachnoid Hemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for hypertension-related brain artery damage?

    <p>Hypertensive Angiopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for abnormal connections between arteries and veins?

    <p>Vascular Malformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for protein buildup in brain arteries?

    <p>Amyloid Angiopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Stroke Definition

    • Stroke is defined as rapidly developing clinical symptoms or signs of focal or global loss of cerebral function lasting more than 24 hours.
    • Symptoms may include numbness or weakness in any part of the body, loss of speech, dysarthria, dysphasia, hemiparesis, or hemihypoesthesia.
    • If symptoms last less than 24 hours, it is considered a transient ischemic attack (TIA).

    Stroke vs. TIA

    • Stroke is a tissue-based definition, whereas TIA is a time-based definition.
    • If there is a loss of tissue, even if symptoms last less than 24 hours, it is considered a stroke.

    Stroke Burden

    • Stroke is the third leading cause of death worldwide, after heart disease and hepatic disease.
    • Stroke affects 15 million people worldwide, resulting in 5 million deaths and 5 million permanent deficits.

    Recognizing Stroke

    • The FAST acronym is used to recognize stroke symptoms: Face, Arm, Speech, and Time.
    • Face: Ask the person to smile; does one side of their face droop?
    • Arm: Ask the person to raise both arms; does one arm drift downward?
    • Speech: Ask the person to repeat a simple sentence; is their speech slurred or difficult to understand?
    • Time: Time is of the essence in treating stroke; act F-A-S-T and call for emergency medical services immediately.

    Regulation of Cerebral Blood Flow

    • Arterial CO2 tension: Increases in CO2 levels lead to vasodilation and increased blood flow.
    • Arterial O2 tension: Has less effect on blood flow compared to CO2 tension.
    • Blood viscosity: Increased blood viscosity increases the risk of stroke or cancer.

    Pathophysiology of Stroke

    • Infarct area: The area of the brain with no blood flow, resulting in tissue death.
    • Penumbra: The area surrounding the infarct area with reduced blood flow, but still viable.
    • Oligemia: The area with reduced blood flow, but not yet infarcted.

    Vascular Anatomy

    • Anterior circulation: Supplies the anterior part of the brain, including the frontal and parietal lobes.
    • Posterior circulation: Supplies the posterior part of the brain, including the occipital lobe.

    Hemorrhagic Stroke

    • Hypertensive hemorrhage: Caused by uncontrolled hypertension, leading to rupture of small arteries.
    • Vascular malformation: Abnormal connections between arteries and veins.
    • Aneurysm rupture: Weakened areas in the arterial wall, prone to rupture.

    Investigation

    • CT and MRI: Used to diagnose stroke and determine the location and extent of brain damage.
    • CT angiography: Used to visualize blood vessels and diagnose vascular malformations.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the definitions of stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA), including the clinical symptoms and signs of cerebral function loss.

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