32 Questions
What is a potential cause of hypertensive hemorrhage?
Vascular malformation
What is amyloid angiopathy associated with?
Hypertensive hemorrhage
What is a possible location for identifying hypertensive hemorrhage?
Lab results
What is a complication of hypertensive hemorrhage?
Brain damage
What is a risk factor for hypertensive hemorrhage?
Hypertension
What is a symptom of increased ICT?
Blurred vision
What is surrounded by the meninges?
Brain
Where is the subarachnoid space located?
Between the meninges and brain
What is the optic nerve connected to?
The retina
What is a potential consequence of vomiting with increased ICT?
Brain herniation
What is the name of the condition where blood collects between the dura and the brain?
Subdural hematoma
What is the name of the condition where blood enters the ventricles of the brain?
Intraventricular hematoma
What is the name of the condition where blood collects between the arachnoid and pia mater?
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
What is a common cause of Subarachnoid hemorrhage?
Aneurysm rupture
What is the term for a dilatation of an arterial wall?
Aneurysm
What is the term for an abnormal connection between an artery and a vein?
Fistula
What is the definition of a stroke?
Rapidly developing clinical symptoms or signs of focal or global loss of cerebral function lasting more than 24 hours.
What is the difference between a stroke and a TIA?
A stroke lasts for more than 24 hours, while a TIA lasts for less than 24 hours.
What is the most important thing to do when dealing with a patient who has had a TIA?
Provide immediate treatment to prevent a stroke.
What is the recommended way to recognize a stroke?
Use the FAST method: Face, Arm, Speech, and Time.
What percentage of cardiac output goes to the brain?
15%
What is the primary function of the anterior circulation?
Supply blood to the front of the brain.
What is the term for the area around the infarct area that is at risk of infarction?
Penumbra
What is the goal of revascularization in stroke treatment?
To increase blood flow to the affected area.
What is the term for the reduction of blood flow to the brain?
Oligemia
What is the percentage of total inspired oxygen that the brain uses?
25%
What is the indication for CT angiography?
Vascular malformation
What is the age range for hypertensive hemorrhage?
Above 40 years old
What is the term for bleeding in the space surrounding the brain?
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
What is the term for hypertension-related brain artery damage?
Hypertensive Angiopathy
What is the term for abnormal connections between arteries and veins?
Vascular Malformation
What is the term for protein buildup in brain arteries?
Amyloid Angiopathy
Study Notes
Stroke Definition
- Stroke is defined as rapidly developing clinical symptoms or signs of focal or global loss of cerebral function lasting more than 24 hours.
- Symptoms may include numbness or weakness in any part of the body, loss of speech, dysarthria, dysphasia, hemiparesis, or hemihypoesthesia.
- If symptoms last less than 24 hours, it is considered a transient ischemic attack (TIA).
Stroke vs. TIA
- Stroke is a tissue-based definition, whereas TIA is a time-based definition.
- If there is a loss of tissue, even if symptoms last less than 24 hours, it is considered a stroke.
Stroke Burden
- Stroke is the third leading cause of death worldwide, after heart disease and hepatic disease.
- Stroke affects 15 million people worldwide, resulting in 5 million deaths and 5 million permanent deficits.
Recognizing Stroke
- The FAST acronym is used to recognize stroke symptoms: Face, Arm, Speech, and Time.
- Face: Ask the person to smile; does one side of their face droop?
- Arm: Ask the person to raise both arms; does one arm drift downward?
- Speech: Ask the person to repeat a simple sentence; is their speech slurred or difficult to understand?
- Time: Time is of the essence in treating stroke; act F-A-S-T and call for emergency medical services immediately.
Regulation of Cerebral Blood Flow
- Arterial CO2 tension: Increases in CO2 levels lead to vasodilation and increased blood flow.
- Arterial O2 tension: Has less effect on blood flow compared to CO2 tension.
- Blood viscosity: Increased blood viscosity increases the risk of stroke or cancer.
Pathophysiology of Stroke
- Infarct area: The area of the brain with no blood flow, resulting in tissue death.
- Penumbra: The area surrounding the infarct area with reduced blood flow, but still viable.
- Oligemia: The area with reduced blood flow, but not yet infarcted.
Vascular Anatomy
- Anterior circulation: Supplies the anterior part of the brain, including the frontal and parietal lobes.
- Posterior circulation: Supplies the posterior part of the brain, including the occipital lobe.
Hemorrhagic Stroke
- Hypertensive hemorrhage: Caused by uncontrolled hypertension, leading to rupture of small arteries.
- Vascular malformation: Abnormal connections between arteries and veins.
- Aneurysm rupture: Weakened areas in the arterial wall, prone to rupture.
Investigation
- CT and MRI: Used to diagnose stroke and determine the location and extent of brain damage.
- CT angiography: Used to visualize blood vessels and diagnose vascular malformations.
This quiz covers the definitions of stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA), including the clinical symptoms and signs of cerebral function loss.
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