Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack Overview

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Questions and Answers

What primarily causes a thrombotic ischemic stroke?

A sudden rupture of a blood vessel

An embolism that travels to the brain

Temporary disturbance in cerebral blood flow due to hypoxia

A thrombus blocking blood flow due to chronic atherosclerosis (correct)

Which statement accurately describes a hemorrhagic stroke?

It is caused by an embolism that blocks arteries in the brain

It results in generalized seizures that cause loss of consciousness

It involves a sudden rupture of cerebral blood vessels resulting in increased intracranial pressure (correct)

It leads to temporary ischemia and resolves before brain damage

What characterizes an absence seizure?

It causes significant physical convulsions

It involves prolonged seizure activity without recovery

It leads to a brief disturbance in consciousness with a blank stare (correct)

It typically results in paralysis on one side of the body

What defines status epilepticus?

Seizures that occur in succession without recovery between them Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of a stroke that affects the left side of the brain?

Paralysis on the right side of the body Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of acute cholecystitis?

Outlet obstruction of the gallbladder Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the effects of liver failure on iron metabolism?

The liver becomes incapable of storing iron Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hernia refers to a portion of an organ that cannot be reduced back into place?

Incarcerated hernia Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of gallstones affecting the bile duct?

Jaundice due to duct obstruction Signup and view all the answers

What primarily causes the inflammation seen in acute pancreatitis?

Premature activation of pancreatic enzymes Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary cause of peptic ulcers?

Excess HCl Signup and view all the answers

What is a major complication associated with gastroenteritis?

Fluid shifts leading to dehydration Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes diverticulitis?

It involves inflammation of diverticula. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)?

It has systemic manifestations. Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by recurrent inflammation affecting all layers of the intestinal wall?

Crohn's disease Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of untreated appendicitis?

Rupture leading to peritonitis Signup and view all the answers

What condition involves the presence of pouches in the colon without inflammation?

Diverticulosis Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding bowel obstruction is true?

It can lead to complications like ischemia. Signup and view all the answers

What is acute respiratory failure primarily characterized by?

Failure of gas exchange functions of the respiratory system Signup and view all the answers

Which type of respiratory failure occurs when there is a failure in the gas exchange function?

Hypoxemic respiratory failure Signup and view all the answers

What does ventilation-perfusion mismatch refer to?

Poor blood flow to ventilated areas of the lung Signup and view all the answers

What condition can result from impaired diffusion during gas exchange?

Respiratory acidosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common cause of respiratory acidosis?

Major calorie restriction Signup and view all the answers

What type of spinal cord injury is characterized by the impairment or loss of motor and/or sensory function in the cervical spinal cord?

Tetraplegia Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?

Recurrent obstruction of pulmonary airways with progressive inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is specifically marked by airway remodeling due to chronic inflammation?

Asthma Signup and view all the answers

Which syndrome is predominantly marked by motor impairment in the arms compared to the legs?

Central cord syndrome Signup and view all the answers

Which condition occurs as a response to noxious stimuli below the level of the original spinal cord injury?

Autonomic dysreflexia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes bronchiectasis?

Permanent dilation of bronchi with chronic infection Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of Brown-Sequard syndrome?

Typically involves one-sided spinal cord damage Signup and view all the answers

What potential risks are associated with unresolved autonomic dysreflexia?

Increase in risk of stroke and pulmonary edema Signup and view all the answers

What type of spinal injury is most likely to occur due to hyperflexion or hyperextension of the neck?

C1-C7 injuries Signup and view all the answers

Which injury is likely due to an infarction of the anterior spinal artery?

Anterior cord syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What muscle condition is associated with torticollis?

Contracture of the sternocleidomastoid muscle Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

Temporary disruption of blood flow to the brain caused by a clot.
Leads to ischemia and hypoxia, but resolves before infarction occurs.

Stroke

Sudden impairment of cerebral circulation causing acute neurological deficit.
Leads to injury or death of brain tissue.
Right Side Brain Damage: Left sided paralysis, vision problems, quick and inquisitive behavior, memory loss.
Left Side Brain Damage: Right sided paralysis, speech/language problems, slow and cautious behavior, memory loss.

Ischemic Stroke

Thrombotic: A thrombus blocks blood flow to the brain, often due to atherosclerosis or vessel narrowing.
Embolic: An embolism breaks away and lodges in a brain artery, blocking blood flow.

Hemorrhagic Stroke

Most fatal type of stroke, caused by a ruptured cerebral blood vessel.
Can be intracerebral or subarachnoid, leading to swelling and brain tissue compression.
Rapidly progresses to coma and death.

Seizures

Temporary abnormal behavior due to electrical discharge in the brain.

Status Epilepticus

Seizures that do not stop spontaneously or occur in succession without recovery.

Postictal State

Altered level of consciousness following a seizure, typically lasting less than 1 hour.

Generalized Seizures

Occurs simultaneously in both hemispheres of the brain.

Absence Seizure

Non-convulsive seizure, typically occurring in children.
Characterized by a blank stare, motionless and unresponsive state.
Usually lasts a few seconds and resumes normal activity immediately.

Acute Respiratory Failure

Failure of the respiratory system in one or both gas exchange functions (oxygenation or CO2 elimination).
Can be due to heart failure, lung failure, or both.

Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure

Failure of gas exchange function.

Hypercapnic/Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure

Ventilatory failure.

Ventilation-Perfusion Mismatch

Inability to match air flow (ventilation) with blood flow (perfusion) in the lungs.
Leads to CO2 retention.

Impaired Diffusion

Impaired gas exchange between alveolar air and pulmonary blood, often due to increased diffusion distance or decreased permeability of respiratory membranes.

Pulmonary Embolism

A blood borne substance lodges in a pulmonary artery branch, obstructing blood flow.
Can lead to obstructive shock.

Respiratory Acidosis

Occurs when ventilation is impaired, leading to increased CO2 levels in the blood.
Often associated with decreased respiratory drive, lung disease, or chest wall/respiratory muscle disorders.

Asthma

Overreaction to various stimuli, causing recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, coughing, and chest tightness.
Associated with variable airflow obstruction and chronic inflammation leading to airway remodeling.

COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)

Chronic and recurrent obstruction of pulmonary airways.
Usually progressive and accompanied by inflammatory responses to noxious particles and gases.
Leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, often caused by smoking, asthma, and hyper-responsiveness.

Bronchiectasis

Uncommon form of COPD characterized by permanently dilated bronchi and bronchioles.
Caused by chronic infection and inflammation, leading to destruction of muscle and elastic tissue.

Peptic Ulcer

Caused by excess HCl, pepsin secretion, or weakened mucosal wall.
Ulcer can erode blood vessel wall leading to bacterial peritonitis and GI tract obstruction.

Gastroenteritis

Acute illness manifested by diarrhea and vomiting.
Can lead to fluid shifts, dehydration, shock, and death.

IBS (Irritable Bowel Syndrome)

GI disorder with various symptoms: abdominal pain, altered bowel function, bloating etc.
Often associated with psychosocial abnormalities, sensory, and CNS processing issues.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

Inflammation of the bowel with systemic manifestations.

Crohn's Disease

Slow progressive recurrent inflammation of sections of the GI tract.
Affects all layers of the intestinal wall, causing fibrosis and narrowing of the lumen.

Ulcerative Colitis

Non-specific continuous inflammatory condition of the colon.
Causes edema and weakening of the colon wall, leading to ulceration.

Diverticular Disease

Can cause fatal obstruction, hemorrhage, or infection.
Diverticulum: Herniating of mucosa through the muscle layer of the colon wall.
Diverticula: Multiple pouches.
Diverticulosis: Presence of diverticula without inflammation.
Diverticulitis: Inflammation or perforation of the pouches.

Appendicitis

Obstruction of the appendix, usually by a calcified stone or gallstone.
Leads to inflammation, increased mucus production, pressure in the lumen, and occlusion of small blood vessels.
The appendix becomes ischemic and bacteria leak out, potentially leading to rupture and peritonitis.

Bowel/Intestinal Obstruction

Lack of intestinal content movement.
More common in the small intestine due to its smaller size.
Can be partial or complete, caused by mechanical or functional obstruction.

Peritonitis

Acute or chronic inflammation of the peritoneum.
Develops secondary to chemical or bacterial invasion.
Inflammation spreads quickly, triggering an inflammatory response with vasodilation and increased capillary permeability.

Hernia

Portion of an internal organ protrudes through the wall of the cavity surrounding it.
Can be reduced (manipulated back into place), incarcerated (stuck), or strangulated (blood supply cut off).

Liver Failure

Can lead to organ failure, stopping the liver from producing bile and storing glucose.
Anemia can occur due to impaired iron metabolism.

Gallstones

Abnormalities in bile composition, stasis of bile, and inflammation of the gallbladder can lead to stone formation.
Stones are composed of cholesterol and bilirubin.
Small stones cause indigestion and biliary colic.
Larger stones cause obstruction and jaundice.

Cholecystitis

Inflammation of the gallbladder.
Acute Cholecystitis: Diffuse inflammation secondary to outlet obstruction.
Chronic Cholecystitis: Repeated acute or chronic irritation of the gallbladder with gallstones.

Pancreatitis

Inflammation of the pancreas.
Acute Pancreatitis: Auto-digestion of pancreatic tissue by prematurely activated pancreatic enzymes, often caused by alcohol abuse and gallstones.
Chronic Pancreatitis: Persistent inflammation, leading to irreversible changes in the pancreas structure and function.

Abdominal Hemorrhage

Can be caused by trauma, aneurysm, etc.
Symptoms include diarrhea, melena, hematemesis, and coffee-ground vomit.

Spinal Cord Injuries

Can be complete, partial, or compression injuries.
Complete: No motor or sensory function preserved in the sacral segments.
Incomplete: Some residual motor or sensory function below the level of injury.
Incomplete lesions include central cord, anterior cord, or Brown-Sequard syndromes.

C1-C7 Spinal Cord Injuries

Most common hyperflexion or hyperextension injuries to the neck, and compression fracture.
Controls vital functions like breathing.
Dislocation of any vertebra in this region can crush or compress the spinal cord, compromising blood supply.

Tetraplegia

Impairment or loss of motor or sensory function due to damage to neural structures in the cervical spinal cord.

Paraplegia

Impairment or loss of motor or sensory function in the thoracic, lumbar, or sacral segments of the spinal cord.

Central Cord Syndrome

Injury predominantly in the central gray or white matter of the spinal cord.
More likely to affect the arms than the legs.

Anterior Cord Syndrome

Usually due to anterior spinal artery infarction.
Can be spontaneous or secondary to trauma.

Brown-Sequard Syndrome

One-sided spinal cord damage, typically due to traumatic injury.

Autonomic Dysreflexia

Occurs in patients with resolved spinal shock and a return of autonomic reflexes.
At risk for patients with C1-T6 injuries.
Triggered by noxious stimuli below the level of injury.
Causes a massive sympathetic response, uncontrolled by the brain.
Requires immediate resolution as it can increase the risk of stroke, heart failure, unconsciousness, retinal hemorrhage, pulmonary edema, and MI.

Torticollis

External deformation where the neck is twisted to one side with the chin protruding to the opposite side.
Caused by contracture of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, associated with muscle spasms causing lateral flexion of the cervical spine musculature.

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Description

This quiz covers the fundamentals of stroke and transient ischemic attacks (TIA), explaining their causes, effects, and types. It delves into ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes, including symptoms related to damage on different sides of the brain. Test your knowledge on these critical medical conditions and their implications.