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Questions and Answers
What is the primary cause of ischemic stroke?
What is the primary cause of ischemic stroke?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of stroke?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of stroke?
Which of the following risk factors is associated with stroke?
Which of the following risk factors is associated with stroke?
What is a common treatment for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?
What is a common treatment for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?
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What condition may develop as a prolonged result of chronic bronchitis?
What condition may develop as a prolonged result of chronic bronchitis?
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Which condition is characterized by the inability to produce insulin and typically occurs in childhood?
Which condition is characterized by the inability to produce insulin and typically occurs in childhood?
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What is a primary method used to diagnose lung diseases?
What is a primary method used to diagnose lung diseases?
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What symptom is commonly associated with the progression of cancer?
What symptom is commonly associated with the progression of cancer?
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Which of the following factors is NOT typically associated with the risk of developing cancer?
Which of the following factors is NOT typically associated with the risk of developing cancer?
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What symptom differentiates Lewy Body Dementia from Parkinson's Disease?
What symptom differentiates Lewy Body Dementia from Parkinson's Disease?
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Which treatment option is NOT typically used for cancer management?
Which treatment option is NOT typically used for cancer management?
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What condition is described as a group of symptoms affecting memory, reasoning, judgment, and language?
What condition is described as a group of symptoms affecting memory, reasoning, judgment, and language?
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What pulmonary symptom indicates hyperinflation with a flattened diaphragm?
What pulmonary symptom indicates hyperinflation with a flattened diaphragm?
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Study Notes
Stroke (Cerebrovascular Accident)
- Interruption of blood supply to the brain.
- Ischemic stroke: Blood clot blocks brain blood vessels.
- Hemorrhagic stroke: Brain blood vessels rupture and bleed.
- Symptoms: Numbness, confusion, speech difficulty, vision loss/double vision, headaches, dizziness/loss of balance.
- Risk factors: High blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, heart disease, family history, age, race/ethnicity, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, atrial fibrillation.
- Help: Manage risk factors, lifestyle changes, regular checkups.
COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)
- Progressive lung disease causing damage to alveoli (tiny air sacs).
- Symptoms: Shortness of breath, coughing, mucus production, wheezing, fatigue, weight loss, blue lips/fingertips.
- Causes: Smoking (including secondhand smoke), genetic factors.
- Treatment: Bronchodilators, corticosteroids (for inflammation), oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, lung surgery.
Bronchitis
- Inflammation of the bronchioles (small airways in the lungs).
- Acute bronchitis: Usually caused by viral infection; symptoms include coughing, mucus production, shortness of breath, chest congestion, fever, and fatigue, resolving within a few weeks.
- Chronic bronchitis: Long-term irritation, often caused by smoking; symptoms include persistent cough, phlegm production, shortness of breath, wheezing, chest congestion, and potentially peripheral edema; can lead to COPD.
- Treatment (chronic): Rest, fluids, pain relievers, prescription medications.
Emphysema
- Permanent enlargement and destruction of air spaces in the lungs; irreversible.
- Characteristics: Often affects older, thinner individuals; dyspnea (shortness of breath), sunken chest, X-ray shows hyperinflation with a flattened diaphragm.
Spirometry
- Non-invasive test measuring lung function (inhalation and exhalation).
- Measures forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1).
- Used to diagnose lung diseases.
Diabetes Mellitus (Type 1 & 2)
- Affects the body's production and use of insulin to regulate blood sugar.
- Type 1: Inability to produce insulin (typically childhood onset).
- Type 2: Insulin resistance and eventual insulin deficiency (typically adulthood onset).
- Symptoms: Slowed wound healing, frequent infections, numbness in hands and feet.
Cancer
- Uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells, forming tumors.
- Metastasis: Spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body.
- Causes: Genetic factors, unhealthy lifestyle, exposure to radiation/chemicals, stress (weakening the immune system).
- Treatment: Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy.
- Signs: Cough, bloody saliva, changes in bowel habits, blood in stool/urine, sore throat, back pain, bloating, lumps, vaginal bleeding, unexpected weight loss.
Dementia
- Umbrella term for changes in memory, perception, reasoning, judgment, and language affecting daily function.
Lewy Body Dementia
- Presence of abnormal protein deposits (Lewy bodies) in brain cells.
- Lewy bodies are primarily composed of alpha-synuclein and disrupt brain cell function.
- Location: Cortex and midbrain.
- Symptoms: Cognitive impairment, problems with problem-solving, motor symptoms (tremors, etc.), hallucinations, sleep disturbances, rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder.
Lewy Body Dementia vs. Parkinson's Disease
- Lewy Body Dementia: Primarily characterized by cognitive impairment.
- Parkinson's Disease: Primarily characterized by motor symptoms.
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Description
Explore the critical information about Stroke (Cerebrovascular Accident) and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Learn about symptoms, risk factors, and treatment options for both conditions. This quiz is an essential resource for understanding these prevalent health issues.
