Stroke and Brain Injury Week 1
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Questions and Answers

What is a significant effect of regular physical activity for individuals experiencing sundowning symptoms?

  • Need for more caffeine
  • Greater sleep disturbances
  • Reduced restlessness (correct)
  • Increased sugar consumption

    • Which of the following is NOT considered a sign of Parkinson's disease?

  • Mask-like face
  • Nausea (correct)
  • Resting tremors
  • Shuffling gait

    • What condition results from a second concussion occurring before the symptoms of an earlier concussion have resolved?

  • Chronic traumatic encephalopathy
  • Post-concussion syndrome
  • Second impact syndrome (correct)
  • Long-term memory loss

    • What type of exercise effects contribute to improved cognitive function in patients with Parkinson's disease?

    <p>Improvements in motor performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is specifically associated with Huntington's disease?

    <p>Constant movement of arms and legs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common contributing factor to the development of Age-related Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?

    <p>Age between 20-40</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary treatment option for patients with ALS?

    <p>Optimizing function and comfort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary neurotransmitter involved in Parkinson's disease?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical progression of symptoms in the first stage of Parkinson's disease?

    <p>Symptoms on one side of the body only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of MS is characterized by a steadily worsening disease without remissions?

    <p>Primary progressive MS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What immediate response is recommended to aid recovery from a concussion?

    <p>Seven to fourteen days off</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurological disorder is characterized by the destruction of motor neurons?

    <p>Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a symptom of MS?

    <p>Constant movement of limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is an early indicator of Huntington's disease?

    <p>Clumsiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical method for diagnosing Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?

    <p>MRI to image lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of a thrombotic stroke?

    <p>A blood clot blocks blood flow to the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a TIA from a CVA?

    <p>A TIA has a temporary interruption of blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT considered a contributing factor for stroke?

    <p>Regular exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one typical post-stroke presentation following a left hemispheric stroke?

    <p>Right sided paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is common during phase one of Alzheimer's disease progression?

    <p>Forgetfulness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the acronym F.A.S.T. stand for in identifying stroke symptoms?

    <p>Face, Arms, Speech, Time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of sundowning?

    <p>Aggressive behavior or agitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential effect on exercise response for individuals post-stroke?

    <p>Fatigueing more quickly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically follows a cerebral hemorrhage?

    <p>Break in a blood vessel causing bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What emotional disturbances can occur post-stroke?

    <p>Frustration, depression, and lability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a characteristic of Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Progressive improvement in mental function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an acquired brain injury?

    <p>Stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might contribute to the confusion experienced during sundowning?

    <p>Low lighting and shadows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is not a motor effect typically observed after a stroke?

    <p>Improved coordination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Stroke and Brain Injury

    • Temporary or permanent effects from a stroke include motor, perceptual, cognitive, sensory, and emotional disturbances.
    • A thrombotic stroke occurs when a blood clot blocks blood flow to the brain, depriving brain tissue of oxygen.
    • An embolic stroke involves a fatty plaque or blood clot that travels from elsewhere in the body and obstructs a brain artery.
    • A cerebral hemorrhage results from a break in a blood vessel in the brain, causing bleeding.
    • Contributing factors for stroke include age, stress, past medical history, and smoking.
    • Other risk factors consist of abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease, and smoking.
    • CVA (cerebrovascular accident) is a non-temporary blood flow interruption in the brain, leading to likely permanent neurological deficits.
    • TIA (transient ischemic attack) is a temporary interruption of blood flow, resulting in no permanent deficits.
    • Post-CVA presentations vary by hemisphere; left-sided strokes lead to right-side paralysis and communication issues; right-sided strokes cause left-side paralysis and impulsive behavior.
    • Common post-stroke effects include vision problems, dysphagia, impaired memory, facial control loss, incontinence, and emotional disturbances.
    • Preventing CVA recurrence may involve surgery, controlling hypertension, anticoagulant medication, treating predisposing conditions, and early initiation of therapy.
    • Recognizing stroke through the acronym F.A.S.T.: Face drooping, Arm weakness, Speech difficulties, and Time to call emergency services.

    Acquired Brain Injury

    • Acquired brain injuries can occur due to head trauma and typically affect individuals aged 15-30.
    • Signs include subarachnoid bleeding, increased intracranial pressure, and brain cell death.
    • Symptoms may present as vomiting, confusion, drowsiness, paralysis, pupil dilation, and mood changes.
    • Long-term effects include paralysis, sensory disturbances, aphasia, cognitive issues, and emotional disturbances.

    Effects on Exercise Response

    • Aerobic capacity decreases significantly, and only 24% achieve normal heart rate levels.
    • Individuals experience quicker fatigue and decreased endurance, impacting functionality.

    Alzheimer's Disease

    • A progressive neurological disorder leading to cognitive impairments and is the most common cause of dementia.
    • Nerve cells degenerating results in intellectual decline and affects approximately 1 in 11 over age 65.
    • Symptoms include cognitive decline, balance issues, communication difficulty, mood changes, and anxiety.
    • Disease progression consists of forgetfulness, confusion, severe cognitive impairments, and agitation.

    Sundowning

    • Characterized by increased confusion and agitation in the late day, impacting quality of life.
    • Causes include fatigue, low lighting, sleep disruption, and limited afternoon activity.
    • Responses involve ensuring rest, avoiding overstimulation, and maintaining a structured routine.

    Effects of Physical Exercise in Alzheimer's

    • Regular exercise can improve physical fitness, mood, and cognitive function, slowing cognitive decline.

    Parkinson's Disease

    • A progressive disorder influenced by dopamine deficiency, affecting approximately 1.5 million people.
    • Risk factors include age (40-70), head injuries, genetic predisposition, and certain occupational exposures.
    • Signs include rigidity, shuffling gait, masked facial expressions, resting tremors, and speech changes.
    • Progressive stages from one-sided symptoms to wheelchair-bound conditions are identified in the Hoehn and Yahr scale.

    Concussion

    • A form of traumatic brain injury caused by external force, leading to rapid movement of the brain.
    • Symptoms manifest as headaches, confusion, dizziness, amnesia, and potential neck pain.
    • Recovery guidelines have evolved from prolonged rest to gradual cognitive stimulation.
    • Prolonged effects may include mood changes, sleep disturbances, and balance issues.

    Neurological Disorders

    • Common disorders include Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, ALS, CVA, SCI, and ABI.
    • MS is characterized by demyelination leading to various physical and cognitive impairments; it has no identifiable cause.
    • Huntington's disease is hereditary, causing brain region-specific cell death, leading to uncontrolled movement and cognitive decline.

    ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis)

    • Characterized by motor neuron degeneration, impacting voluntary muscle control.
    • Affects primarily individuals aged 40-70 years; 3,000 Canadians currently live with ALS.
    • Symptoms progress from muscle weakness to complete loss of movement, with little cognitive function loss.

    Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

    • The highest MS rate is found in Canada, affecting over 90,000 people.
    • MS types include relapsing-remitting, primary progressive, secondary progressive, and progressive-relapsing.
    • Treatment focuses on managing symptoms and preventing exacerbations using medications and therapies.

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    Description

    Test your understanding of the effects of stroke and brain injuries in this first week of clinical path study. The quiz covers temporary and permanent effects, types of strokes, and their impacts on motor, cognitive, sensory, and emotional functions.

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