Questions and Answers
What is a significant effect of regular physical activity for individuals experiencing sundowning symptoms?
Which of the following is NOT considered a sign of Parkinson's disease?
What condition results from a second concussion occurring before the symptoms of an earlier concussion have resolved?
What type of exercise effects contribute to improved cognitive function in patients with Parkinson's disease?
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Which of the following symptoms is specifically associated with Huntington's disease?
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What is a common contributing factor to the development of Age-related Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?
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Which of the following is a primary treatment option for patients with ALS?
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What is the primary neurotransmitter involved in Parkinson's disease?
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What is the typical progression of symptoms in the first stage of Parkinson's disease?
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Which type of MS is characterized by a steadily worsening disease without remissions?
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What immediate response is recommended to aid recovery from a concussion?
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Which neurological disorder is characterized by the destruction of motor neurons?
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What is NOT a symptom of MS?
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Which symptom is an early indicator of Huntington's disease?
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What is a typical method for diagnosing Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?
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What is the primary cause of a thrombotic stroke?
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What distinguishes a TIA from a CVA?
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Which factor is NOT considered a contributing factor for stroke?
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What is one typical post-stroke presentation following a left hemispheric stroke?
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What symptom is common during phase one of Alzheimer's disease progression?
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What does the acronym F.A.S.T. stand for in identifying stroke symptoms?
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Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of sundowning?
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What is a potential effect on exercise response for individuals post-stroke?
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What typically follows a cerebral hemorrhage?
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What emotional disturbances can occur post-stroke?
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What is NOT a characteristic of Alzheimer's disease?
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Which of the following is an example of an acquired brain injury?
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What might contribute to the confusion experienced during sundowning?
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Which is not a motor effect typically observed after a stroke?
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Study Notes
Stroke and Brain Injury
- Temporary or permanent effects from a stroke include motor, perceptual, cognitive, sensory, and emotional disturbances.
- A thrombotic stroke occurs when a blood clot blocks blood flow to the brain, depriving brain tissue of oxygen.
- An embolic stroke involves a fatty plaque or blood clot that travels from elsewhere in the body and obstructs a brain artery.
- A cerebral hemorrhage results from a break in a blood vessel in the brain, causing bleeding.
- Contributing factors for stroke include age, stress, past medical history, and smoking.
- Other risk factors consist of abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease, and smoking.
- CVA (cerebrovascular accident) is a non-temporary blood flow interruption in the brain, leading to likely permanent neurological deficits.
- TIA (transient ischemic attack) is a temporary interruption of blood flow, resulting in no permanent deficits.
- Post-CVA presentations vary by hemisphere; left-sided strokes lead to right-side paralysis and communication issues; right-sided strokes cause left-side paralysis and impulsive behavior.
- Common post-stroke effects include vision problems, dysphagia, impaired memory, facial control loss, incontinence, and emotional disturbances.
- Preventing CVA recurrence may involve surgery, controlling hypertension, anticoagulant medication, treating predisposing conditions, and early initiation of therapy.
- Recognizing stroke through the acronym F.A.S.T.: Face drooping, Arm weakness, Speech difficulties, and Time to call emergency services.
Acquired Brain Injury
- Acquired brain injuries can occur due to head trauma and typically affect individuals aged 15-30.
- Signs include subarachnoid bleeding, increased intracranial pressure, and brain cell death.
- Symptoms may present as vomiting, confusion, drowsiness, paralysis, pupil dilation, and mood changes.
- Long-term effects include paralysis, sensory disturbances, aphasia, cognitive issues, and emotional disturbances.
Effects on Exercise Response
- Aerobic capacity decreases significantly, and only 24% achieve normal heart rate levels.
- Individuals experience quicker fatigue and decreased endurance, impacting functionality.
Alzheimer's Disease
- A progressive neurological disorder leading to cognitive impairments and is the most common cause of dementia.
- Nerve cells degenerating results in intellectual decline and affects approximately 1 in 11 over age 65.
- Symptoms include cognitive decline, balance issues, communication difficulty, mood changes, and anxiety.
- Disease progression consists of forgetfulness, confusion, severe cognitive impairments, and agitation.
Sundowning
- Characterized by increased confusion and agitation in the late day, impacting quality of life.
- Causes include fatigue, low lighting, sleep disruption, and limited afternoon activity.
- Responses involve ensuring rest, avoiding overstimulation, and maintaining a structured routine.
Effects of Physical Exercise in Alzheimer's
- Regular exercise can improve physical fitness, mood, and cognitive function, slowing cognitive decline.
Parkinson's Disease
- A progressive disorder influenced by dopamine deficiency, affecting approximately 1.5 million people.
- Risk factors include age (40-70), head injuries, genetic predisposition, and certain occupational exposures.
- Signs include rigidity, shuffling gait, masked facial expressions, resting tremors, and speech changes.
- Progressive stages from one-sided symptoms to wheelchair-bound conditions are identified in the Hoehn and Yahr scale.
Concussion
- A form of traumatic brain injury caused by external force, leading to rapid movement of the brain.
- Symptoms manifest as headaches, confusion, dizziness, amnesia, and potential neck pain.
- Recovery guidelines have evolved from prolonged rest to gradual cognitive stimulation.
- Prolonged effects may include mood changes, sleep disturbances, and balance issues.
Neurological Disorders
- Common disorders include Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, ALS, CVA, SCI, and ABI.
- MS is characterized by demyelination leading to various physical and cognitive impairments; it has no identifiable cause.
- Huntington's disease is hereditary, causing brain region-specific cell death, leading to uncontrolled movement and cognitive decline.
ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis)
- Characterized by motor neuron degeneration, impacting voluntary muscle control.
- Affects primarily individuals aged 40-70 years; 3,000 Canadians currently live with ALS.
- Symptoms progress from muscle weakness to complete loss of movement, with little cognitive function loss.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
- The highest MS rate is found in Canada, affecting over 90,000 people.
- MS types include relapsing-remitting, primary progressive, secondary progressive, and progressive-relapsing.
- Treatment focuses on managing symptoms and preventing exacerbations using medications and therapies.
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Description
Test your understanding of the effects of stroke and brain injuries in this first week of clinical path study. The quiz covers temporary and permanent effects, types of strokes, and their impacts on motor, cognitive, sensory, and emotional functions.
