Stress

30 Questions

What is the rate/power of PCr?

PCr has very high ATP production quickly

What is the rate/power of Glycolysis?

Glycolysis has mid power/production

What is the rate/power of OP?

OP has slowly power/production in a given amount of time

What is the capacity/duration of PCr?

PCr has low capacity and short duration (~10 s)

What is the capacity/duration of Glycolysis?

Glycolysis has mid capacity/duration (30s-2mins)

What is the capacity/duration of OP?

OP has the highest duration (2 min-rest of exercise)

What happens when PCr fatigues?

PCr fatigues very quickly

What happens when Glycolysis fatigues?

Glycolysis fatigues mid

What happens when OP fatigues?

OP doesn't really fatigue

How long does it take for PCr to recover?

PCr recovers quickly (within seconds)

What is the purpose of the body's countershock response?

To attain an elevated steady state and restore homeostasis.

What is the result of overtraining?

Exhaustion and fatigue, making it difficult to recover.

How much ATP is stored in muscle?

Approximately 3-8 mmol/kg.

What are the products when ATP is broken down?

ADP + P1 (+energy).

What are the three types of ATPase?

Myosin ATPase, Calcium ATPase, Na+ and K+ ATPase.

What is the primary energy source during anaerobic alactic metabolism?

Phosphocreatine (PCr).

What is the primary energy source during anaerobic lactic metabolism?

Glycolysis.

What is the primary energy source during aerobic metabolism?

Oxidative phosphorylation (OP).

Which energy system accounts for 99% of energy production throughout life?

Aerobic metabolism.

What are the three characteristics of the energy systems?

Substrate: PCr, Glycolysis, Aerobic; 2) Inertia: PCr, Glycolysis, Aerobic; 3) Dominance: PCr, Glycolysis, Aerobic.

What is the function of Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)?

LDH takes pyruvate and converts it into lactate, and vice versa.

How many isoforms of LDH are there?

There are 5 isoforms of LDH: LDH1-5.

What is the difference between LDH1-2 and LDH4-5?

LDH1-2 prefer to convert lactate into pyruvate, while LDH4-5 prefer to convert pyruvate into lactate.

Which isoforms of LDH are more predominant in slow twitch muscle fibers?

LDH1-2 is more predominant in slow twitch (type I) muscle fibers.

Which isoforms of LDH are mostly found in fast twitch muscle fibers?

LDH1-5 is mostly found in fast twitch (type II) muscle fibers.

What are the two categories of muscle fiber types?

The two categories of muscle fiber types are fast twitch (type II) and slow twitch (type I).

What is the equilibrium enzyme meaning of LDH?

LDH is a bidirectional enzyme, meaning it can convert pyruvate into lactate, and lactate into pyruvate.

Does LDH convert 100% of pyruvate into lactate?

No, LDH does not convert 100% of pyruvate into lactate.

Does LDH convert 100% of lactate into pyruvate?

No, LDH does not convert 100% of lactate into pyruvate.

What is the mass effect that drives the reactions of LDH?

The mass effect, or concentration of reactants, drives the reactions of LDH.

Study Notes

Energy Systems

PCr (Phosphocreatine) has a high power output, but limited capacity, making it ideal for short, high-intensity efforts.
Glycolysis has a moderate power output and moderate capacity, making it suitable for medium-duration, high-intensity efforts.
Oxidative Phosphorylation (OP) has a low power output, but high capacity, making it suitable for long-duration, low-intensity efforts.

Capacity and Duration

PCr has a capacity of 10-15 seconds, with a duration of 1-3 minutes to recover.
Glycolysis has a capacity of 30-60 seconds, with a duration of 20-30 minutes to recover.
OP has a capacity of several hours, with a duration of 1-2 hours to recover.

Fatigue

When PCr fatigues, ATP production slows down, and fatigue sets in.
When Glycolysis fatigues, lactic acid builds up, and fatigue sets in.
When OP fatigues, ATP production slows down, and fatigue sets in.

Recovery

PCr takes 1-3 minutes to recover.

Countershock Response

The body's countershock response is a mechanism to maintain blood pressure and prevent cardiovascular collapse.

Overtraining

Overtraining results in decreased performance, fatigue, and increased risk of injury.

ATP Storage

Only 2-3 mmol of ATP is stored in muscle.

ATP Breakdown

When ATP is broken down, it produces ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) and Pi (Inorganic Phosphate).

ATPase

There are three types of ATPase: Ca2+ ATPase, Na+/K+ ATPase, and H+ ATPase.

Energy Sources

The primary energy source during anaerobic alactic metabolism is PCr.
The primary energy source during anaerobic lactic metabolism is Glycolysis.
The primary energy source during aerobic metabolism is OP.
Aerobic metabolism accounts for 99% of energy production throughout life.

Characteristics of Energy Systems

The three characteristics of energy systems are power, capacity, and duration.

Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)

LDH is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate and vice versa.
There are five isoforms of LDH: LDH1, LDH2, LDH3, LDH4, and LDH5.
LDH1-2 are more predominant in slow-twitch muscle fibers, while LDH4-5 are mostly found in fast-twitch muscle fibers.
The equilibrium enzyme meaning of LDH is that it can convert pyruvate to lactate and vice versa.
LDH does not convert 100% of pyruvate into lactate or vice versa.
The mass effect drives the reactions of LDH.

Muscle Fiber Types

There are two categories of muscle fiber types: slow-twitch (Type I) and fast-twitch (Type II).

Test your knowledge on stress, adaptation, and the body's energy continuum with this quiz. Explore the stages of shock, countershock, and exhaustion, as well as the breakdown of ATP and its role in recovery.

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